VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE

Verapamil hydrochloride is a α-adrenergic receptor (α-ar) antagonist and calcium channel protein inhibitor that blocks the l-type ca2+ channels in smooth and cardiac muscle cells. Verapamil is an anti- arrhythmic agent and vasodilator known to reduce the renal clearance of digoxin and induce apoptosis in primary and metastatic colon adeno- carcinoma human cell lines in vitro. It has been observed that verapamil can induce currents by itself, presumably by acting on the potassium and chloride leakage. Verapamil has also been used as an inhibitor of drug efflux pump proteins such as mdr (p-glycoprotein). Verapamil is a substrate of cyp3a4 and cyp2c6.