Drainage Engineering Principles and Practices

Book Description:
The current book attempts to fill the gap in one of the major subject of land drainage that will have a major impact on production and productivity of irrigated lands. The book Titled `Drainage Engineering: Principles and Practices` deals with the subject of surface and subsurface drainage to reclaim waterlogged salt affected soils. Based on the course curricula as suggested by Deans´ committee constituted by ICAR, the current publication has been divided into 11 Chapters covering all the facets of land drainage as applied to agriculture. Each chapter covers one of the related issues beginning with general introduction to water logging, soil salinity and land drainage in Chapter 1.Surface drainage methods, an essential intervention in monsoon climatic regions and as supplement to the subsurface drainage are included in Chapter 2. Drainage investigations, a precursor to problem diagnosis and to assemble the drainage design parameters are included in Chapter 3. The drainage design procedures such as assessment of drainage depth, spacing and capacity of drains forms the subject matter of Chapter 4. While drainage materials are discussed in Chapter 5, drainage construction procedures and methodologies to monitor and evaluate completed projects are included in Chapter 6. Some of the new drainage techniques such as mole, interceptor, vertical and bio-drainage have been included in Chapter 7 since these can either be applied singly or in integration with horizontal subsurface drainage. Chapters 8-10 deal withreclamation of salt affected soils,acid soils and management of saline water. Eco-friendly reuse and disposal of saline drainage wateralso form the subject matter of discussion of Chapter 10. Cost calculations, socio-economic and environmental issues associated with drainage projects have been included in final chapter 11. Glossary of terms has been added for quick overview of the terms used in the book. Clearly, each and every aspect of surface and subsurface drainage for agricultural lands has been covered in the book.Besides covering the principles of land drainage, field practices have been included making the book a handy tool for specialized training programmes on land drainage. It is believed that the book will find its place in the shelves of students and teachers, field functionaries and libraries of state agricultural universitiesand civil engineering colleges.
Authors Details:
Dr. S.K. Gupta
Dr. S K Gupta, currently, INAE Visiting Professor at ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, obtained B. Tech (Agril. Engg.) and Master of Agricultural Engineering from the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Ph.D. from JNTU, Hyderabad, Telangana. Dr. Gupta is Fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Indian National Academy of Engineering and Indian Society of Agricultural Engineering. He has served as Head, Indo-Dutch Network Project, Head, Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering and Project Coordinator (AICRP on Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture). After superannuation, Dr. Gupta worked as Emeritus Scientist (ICAR) and INAE Distinguished Professor. Dr. Gupta has been engaged in conducting researches in surface and subsurface drainage for land reclamation, irrigation water management, hydrology of salt affected soils, and use of saline water in agriculture. He has published more than 150 research papers and 15 books. He has been bestowed with Rafi Ahmad Kidwai Award by ICAR. Besides he is recipient of several awards from NAAS, ISAE, IE (India), CBIP and MoWR among other organizations.
Table Content:
Preface
About the Book
About the Author
1. WATER LOGGING – SOIL SALINITY AND DRAINAGE
Soil and Water Related Problems
Irrigation, Drainage and Associated Problems
Water Logging
Brief History and Extent of Water Logging
Impacts of Water Logging
Soil Salinization
Drainage Problems in India
Prevention, Management and Reclamation
Artificial Drainage
Types of Drainage Systems
Realization of Drainage Needs
Global and Indian Scene
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
2. SURFACE DRAINAGE METHODS
Definition
Surface Drainage Requirement and Crops
Factors Affecting Design of Surface Drainage
Design of Surface Drainage Systems
Drainage Coefficient
Empirical Formulae for Collector/Main Drains Design
Drainage Components and Field Practices
Design of Field Drains
Outlet
Construction
Maintenance of Open Drains
Field Assessment of Benefits of Surface Drainage
Non-conventional Drainage Systems
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
3. DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS
Introduction
Stages in Drainage Investigations
Reconnaissance Survey
Topographic Survey
Soil and Geological Survey
Photogrammetric Survey
Groundwater Surveys
Groundwater Investigations
Water Transmission Characteristics
Hydraulic Conductivity
Laboratory Methods
Field Methods
Drainable Pore Space
Subsurface Drainage Coefficient
Collation and Application of Data
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
4.DESIGN OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Introduction
Layout
Drainage Criteria
Drain Depth
Spacing of Lateral Drains
Design Equations (Steady State)
Selection of Steady State Equation
Unsteady State Equations
Fluctuating Water Table
Recommendations on Drain Spacing
Interceptor Drainage for Sloping Lands
Capacity/Size of Drains
Drainage of Paddy Fields
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
5.DRAINAGE MATERIALS
Introduction
Materials for Drain Pipes
Testing Flexible Pipes
Tests on Fittings
Load on Conduits
Envelopes
Need of an Envelope
Parameters to Assess theNeed of an Envelope
Entrance Head Loss and Resistance
Drain Envelope Design
Criteria for Granular Envelope
Design and Selection of Synthetic Envelope
Tests on Synthetic Envelope Materials
Organic Envelopes
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
6.CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF SYSTEMS
Introduction
Pre-installation activities
Construction Methods
Manual Construction
Mechanical Installation
Land Drainage for Peat and Muck Soils
Drainage Structures
Maintenance of Pipe Drainage Systems
Inspection and Quality Control
Tender Document
Organizational Set-up
Monitoring and Evaluation
Drain Outflow Method to Evaluate Soil Parameters
Crop Cutting Experiments
Measurement of Sediment Deposits
Water and Salt Balance
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
7.SPECIAL DRAINAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Introduction
Mole Drainage
Mole Drainage: Indian Experiences
Failures and Remedies
Drainage for Seepage Interception
On-farm Ponds for Seepage Interception
Vertical Drainage
Theory of Flow to Drainage Wells
Bio-Drainage
Suitability of Drainage Methods
Integrated Drainage Systems
Special Activities to Improve Drainage Effectiveness
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
8.SALT AFFECTED SOILS:RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT
Terminology
Salt Affected Soils
Formation of Salt Affected Soils
Extent and Distribution of Salt Affected Soils
Reclamation of Alkali Soils
Crops and Alkali Tolerance
Determination of Gypsum Requirement (GR)
Alkali tolerance and Crop Selection
The Package (Alkali Lands)
Phyto-remediation of Alkali Lands
Reclamation of Saline Lands
Cropping in Saline Soils under Reclamation
Land Modifications and Planting Management
The Package (Saline Lands)
Reclamation of Saline-Alkali Soils
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
9.RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ACID SOILS
Introduction
Definition, Characterization and Formation of Acid Soils
Kinds of Soil Acidity
Extent and Distribution
Causes of Low Productivity in Acid Soils
Management of Acid Soils
Liming
Industrial wastes as Amendments
Engineering and Agronomic Measures
Crop Selection: Acid Tolerant Crops
Special Cases of Acid Soils
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
10.CHARACTERIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER
Introduction
Origin of Salts in Irrigation Water
Extent and Distribution of Saline Water
Chemical Characteristics to Characterize Water Quality
Salinity Hazard: Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Sodium/Alkali Hazard
Toxicity Hazard
Combination of Parameters to Assess Water Quality
Infiltration Problems
Soil Salinization
Water and Salt Balance of the Root Zone
Leaching Requirement
Leaching Fraction and Soil Salinization
Management Strategies for Saline/Alkali Water
Chemical Amendments
Water Quality Guidelines for Irrigation
Disposal of saline Drainage Effluents
Management of Toxic Water
Management of Waste Water
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
11.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ANDSOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Costs
Investment on Machinery
Benefits
Economic Analysis
Evaluation Indices
Calculation of Indices
Case Studies of Economic Analysis
Comparison of Two Drainage Systems
Cost Recovery
Documenting Indirect Benefits
Environmental Impact Assessment
Farmers’ Participation
Land Drainage: Current Status and Issues
Questions (Theory)
Questions (Objective)
Annexures I - VI
Annexure I:  Bill of Quantities for Surface and Subsurface Drainage Systems Construction
Annexure II: Ground Water Balance
Annexure III: Irrigation Water Salinity Limitsfor Selected Crops
Annexure IV: Farmer's Consent /Agreement
Annexure V:MOA for Farmer Drainage Societies (FDS)
Annexure VI: Handing over the Block to Drainage Society
Glossary
References
Answers to Objective Type Questions
Conversion Tables
Subject index