PENTA PURE TECHNOLOGIES

Rajajinagar, Bangalore, Karnataka

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane. This membrane technology is not properly a filtration method. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative property, that is driven by chemical potential, a thermodynamic parameter. Reverse osmosis can remove many types of molecules and ions from solutions, and is used in both industrial processes and producing potable water. The result is the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective", this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely.

In the normal osmosis process, the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute concentration (high water potential), through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration (low water potential). The movement of a pure solvent is driven to reduce the free energy of the system by equalizing solute concentrations on each side of a membrane, generating osmotic pressure. Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The process is similar to other membrane technology applications. However, key differences are found between reverse osmosis and filtration. The predominant removal mechanism in membrane filtration is straining, or size exclusion, so the process can theoretically achieve perfect exclusion of particles regardless of operational parameters such as influent pressure and concentration. Moreover, reverse osmosis involves a diffusive mechanism, so that separation efficiency is dependent on solute concentration, pressure, and water flux rate.Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in drinking water purification from seawater, removing the salt and other effluent materials from the water molecules.

Activated charcoal is used in water filters, medicines that selectively remove toxins, and chemical purification processes. Activated charcoal iscarbonthat has been treated withoxygen. The treatment results in a highly porous charcoal. These tiny holes give the charcoal a surface area of 300-2, 000 m2/g, allowing liquids or gases to pass through the charcoal and interact with the exposed carbon. The carbon adsorbs a wide range of impurities and contaminants, including chlorine, odors, and pigments. Other substances, like sodium, fluoride, and nitrates, are not as attracted to the carbon and are not filtered out. Because adsorption works by chemically binding the impurities to the carbon, the active sites in the charcoal eventually become filled. Activated charcoal filters become less effective with use and have to be recharged or replaced.

Several factors influence the effectiveness of activated charcoal. The pore size and distribution varies depending on the source of the carbon and the manufacturing process. Large organic molecules are absorbed better than smaller ones. Adsorption tends to increase as pH and temperature decrease. Contaminants are also removed more effectively if they are in contact with the activated charcoal for a longer time, so flow rate through the charcoal affects filtration.

Types of Stainless Steel

The three main types of stainless steels are austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. These three types of steels are identified by their microstructure or predominant crystal phase.

Austenitic:Austenitic steels have austenite as their primary phase (face centered cubic crystal). These are alloys containing chromium and nickel (sometimes manganese and nitrogen), structured around the Type 302 composition of iron, 18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Austenitic steels are not hard enable by heat treatment. The most familiar stainless steel is probably Type 304, sometimes called T304 or simply 304. Type 304 surgical stainless steel is austenitic steel containing 18-20% chromium and 8-10% nickel.

Ferritic:Ferritic steels have ferrite (body centered cubic crystal) as their main phase. These steels contain iron and chromium, based on the Type 430 composition of 17% chromium. Ferritic steel is less ductile than austenitic steel and is not hard enable by heat treatment.

Martensitic:The characteristic orthorhombic marten site microstructure was first observed by German microscopist Adolf Martens around 1890. Martensitic steels are low carbon steels built around the Type 410 composition of iron, 12% chromium, and 0.12% carbon. They may be tempered and hardened. Marten site gives steel great hardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle, so few steels are fully hardened.

There are also other grades of stainless steels, such as precipitation-hardened, duplex, and cast stainless steels. Stainless steel can be produced in a variety of finishes and textures and can be tinted over a broad spectrum of colors.

TheChemical Dosing Systemswe manufacture are designed for perfection. Our range has gained the faith of our customer for their host of qualitative feature such as long service life, high performance and sturdy construction. Available in different specifications the entire range can also be customized as specified by the clients.

Chemical Dosing Pump/System

We fabricate optimum quality chemical dosing pumps and systems that offers correct quantity of dosing chemical in the stream. These chemical dosing pumps/systems are used in different chemicals such as acids, alkali, chlorine, anti-scalent, alum, SBS, polyelectrolyte and others. Moreover, we also have the ability to customize our range as specified by the clients.

A lamella clarifier (also lamella separator, lamella thickener) is used to separate sedimentable solid (sedimentation particles) from liquids.

In general, particles larger than approx. 50m (and of higher density than the liquid) can be separated by sedimentation. Particles of smaller size can be separated using coagulation aids.

Our lamella clarifier can be manufactured from laboratory size to industrial dimensions. The casing is typically made of coated or stainless steel and the lamellas are made of propylene.

Using ultraviolet (UV) light for drinking water disinfection dates back to 1910. It is a reliable means of disinfection which involves exposing contaminated water to radiation from UV light. The treatment works because UV light penetrates an organisms cell walls and disrupts the cells genetic material, making reproduction impossible.

A special lamp generates the radiation that creates UV light by striking an electric arc through low-pressure mercury vapor. This lamp emits a broad spectrum of radiation with intense peaks at UV wavelengths of 253.7 nanometers (nm) which research has shown is the optimum UV wavelength range to destroy bacteria. For more information on how UV works click here.

UV disinfection can remove the threat to health from water borne Pathogens without the creation of disinfection by products that can be generated from drinking water chlorination. From the common bacteria, E-Coli through the Cryptosporidium Oocysts to Adenovirus, UV disinfection is capable of providing effective treatment to ensure inactivation of these pathogens and ensure drinking water is safe.

Research has confirmed that UV effectiveness is relatively insensitive to temperature and pH differences.

Iron removal plants can be based on different filtration media, depending on the iron and manganese concentration, the oxygen level, CO2 content and hardness of the water.
Plant principle:First, air is injected in order to oxidize the iron. The oxidized iron will then precipitate on a sand filter. An MnO2 layer in the sand bed will catalyze the oxidation of residual iron. Backwash will be done by water and by air.

Filtration Media choice are:- Sand + MnO2 for high iron concentrations- Calcite for acidic waters- Birm- Greensand

Other oxidation chemicals can be used for highly contaminated waters-Ozone- Chlorine- Chlorine DioxideThese chemicals also have a biocide effect but might interact with other component.