Nano Research Elements

Sarita Vihar, delhi

Silicon Carbide Sub-MicronPowder(SiC) Storage Conditions:

The moist gathering will influence its scattering execution and utilizing impacts, along these lines, this item ought to be fixed in the vacuum and put away in a cool and dry room and it ought not to be the introduction to air. Likewise, the item ought to have stayed away from under anxiety.

Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe.[5] It is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3, but the oxidation state +2 is also common. All europium compounds with oxidation state +2 are slightly reducing. Europium has no significant biological role and is relatively non-toxic compared to other heavy metals.

Palladium is a chemical element with the symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and luminous silver-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He called that asteroid Pallas, who in turn received the name of the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she killed Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements called platinum group metals (PGM). These have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense one.

More than half of the supply of palladium and its platinum conglomerate is used in catalytic converters, which convert up to 90% of the harmful gases in car exhaust (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide) into fewer harmful substances (nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor). Palladium is also used in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Palladium is a key component of fuel cells, which react to hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water.

The deposits of palladium ore and other PGM are rare. The largest deposits were found in the norite belt of the Bushveld igneous complex covering the Transvaal Basin in South Africa; the Stillwater complex in Montana, United States; the Sudbury Basin and the Thunder Bay district of Ontario, Canada; and the Norilsk complex in Russia. Recycling is also a source, mainly of discarded catalytic converters. The numerous applications and limited sources of supply determine a considerable investment interest.

Nickel is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a shiny silver-white metal with a light golden hue. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powder to maximize the reactive surface, shows a significant chemical activity, but the larger parts react slowly with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents corrosion (passivation)). Even so, the native pure nickel is found in the earths crust only in small quantities, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of large iron and nickel meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when they were outside the Earths atmosphere.

Meteoric nickel is found in combination with iron, a reflection of the origin of these elements as the main end products of supernova nucleosynthesis. It is believed that a mixture of iron and nickel constitutes the inner core of the Earth.

The use of nickel (as iron alloy and natural meteoric nickel) dates back to 3500 BC. Nickel was isolated for the first time and classified as a chemical element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who initially confused the mineral with a copper ore in the cobalt mines of Los, Hlsingland, Sweden. The name of the item comes from a rogue thief of German mining mythology, Nickel (similar to Old Nick), who personified the fact that copper and nickel minerals resisted the refinement of copper. An economically important nickel source is iron ore limonite, which often contains 1-2% nickel. Other important mineral minerals of nickel are pentlandite and a mixture of natural silicates rich in Ni known as garnierite. The main production sites include the region of Sudbury in Canada (withholding of meteoric origin), New Caledonia in the Pacific and Norilsk in Russia.

Magnesium, an abundant mineral in the body, is naturally present in many foods, added to other food products, available as a food supplement and present in some drugs (such as antacids and laxatives). Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzyme systems that regulate various biochemical reactions in the body, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium is necessary for energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis. It contributes to the structural development of bone and is required for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and antioxidant glutathione. Magnesium also plays a role in the active transport of calcium and potassium ions through cell membranes, an important process for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and normal heart rhythm.

An adult body contains about 25 g of magnesium, with 50% to 60% in the bones and most of the rest in the soft tissues. Less than 1% of the total magnesium is found in the blood serum and these levels are kept under strict control. Normal magnesium concentrations in serum vary between 0.75 and 0.95 mmol (mmol) / L. Hypomagnesemia is defined as a serum magnesium level of less than 0.75 mmol / L. Magnesium homeostasis is in much controlled by the kidney, which usually eliminates about 120 mg of magnesium every day in the urine. Urinary excretion is reduced when the magnesium level is low.

Iron Powder Applications

• Probing. Due to its sensitivity to magnetic fields, iron nanopowder plays a crucial role in the development of various tools for recording magnetic activity. Its of particular interest for research projects analyzing fundamental magnetic interactions.
• Recording media. Basic magnetic data storage and high-density magnetic recording both benefit from the magnetic properties of iron nanopowders.
• Ferrofluids and pastes. In various electronic industrial applications, iron nanopowders can be utilized to produce effective ferrofluids, magnetic pastes, and similar compounds.
• Medical applications. A number of medical and biomedical applications for iron nanopowders have seen usage or extensive research in recent years. As with many other nanomaterials, its unique optical properties make it of interest in imaging solutions. Its also seen use as a drug carrier for certain delivery mechanisms.
• Environmental applications. Iron nanopowders have shown promising results as a solution for certain forms of soil contamination, helping to degrade heavy metals and other compromising environmental hazards.
• Catalysts. A number of industries utilize iron nanopowder as a component in a catalyst, including metalworking and many others.
• Electromagnetic-wave absorption. The magnetic properties of iron nanopowder make it a viable material for the manufacture of electromagnetic shielding solutions, especially those where traditional options for electromagnetic wave absorption arent viable.

Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth's crust. Very soft and malleable, indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and tin. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and it is largely intermediate between the two in terms of its properties.[7] Indium was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods. They named it for the indigo blue line in its spectrum. Indium was isolated the next year.

Indium is a minor component in zinc sulfide ores and is produced as a byproduct of zinc refinement. It is most notably used in the semiconductor industry, in low-melting-point metal alloys such as solders, in soft-metal high-vacuum seals, and in the production of transparent conductive coatings of indium tin oxide (ITO) on the glass.

Indium has no biological role, though its compounds are somewhat toxic when injected into the bloodstream. Most occupational exposure is through ingestion, from which indium compounds are not absorbed well, and inhalation, from which they are moderately absorbed.

Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides).

Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects, giving rise to the term acid test. Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction.

Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle transition metal.[4] Chromium boasts a high usage rate as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing. Chromium is also the main additive in stainless steel, a popular steel alloy due to its uncommonly high specular reflection. Simply polished chromium reflects almost 70% of the visible spectrum, with almost 90% of infrared light waves being reflected.[5] The name of the element is derived from the Greek word , chrma, meaning color, [6] because many chromium compounds are intensely colored.

Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powdered to maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents further corrosion (passivation). Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of larger nickel-iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere.

Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a "rare-earth element". Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare-earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element. 89Y is the only stable isotope, and the only isotope found in the Earth's crust.

Silicon NitridePowder(Si3N4) Applications:

This item is chiefly utilized for: 1) fabricating structure gadget, for example, metallurgy, substance industry, apparatus, flight, aviation and vitality ventures to utilize the ball and roller bearing, sliding bearing, sleeve, valve, and a wear-safe, high temperature, consumption safe basic parts required. 2) Surface treatment of metal and different materials, for example, molds, cutting instruments, turbine edges, turbine rotor, and the chamber divider coatings. 3) Composite materials, for example, metals, earthenware production, and graphite composites, elastic, plastics, coatings, glues and other polymer-based composites. 4) The drab, straightforward self-greasing up wear-safe nano-molecule films for cell phones, autos, and other propelled surface insurance. 5) Ball course 6) Ball valves and parts 7) Corrosion safe turbine 8) Cutting instruments Grinding wheels 9) Insulating parts 10) Spray spouts (for rockets) 11) Spray pipe (for rockets) 12) Strengthening materials (for Al and so forth) 13) Wear parts

Rhodium is a chemical element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group. It has only one naturally occurring isotope, 103Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is usually found as the free metal, alloyed with similar metals, and rarely as a chemical compound in minerals such as bowieite and rhodplumsite. It is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals.

Rhodium is found in platinum or nickel ores together with the other members of the platinum group metals. It was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston in one such ore, and named for the rose color of one of its chlorine compounds, produced after it reacted with the powerful acid mixture aqua regia.

The element's major use (approximately 80% of world rhodium production) is as one of the catalysts in the three-way catalytic converters in automobiles. Because rhodium metal is inert against corrosion and most aggressive chemicals, and because of its rarity, rhodium is usually alloyed with platinum or palladium and applied in high-temperature and corrosion-resistive coatings. White gold is often plated with a thin rhodium layer to improve its appearance while sterling silver is often rhodium-plated for tarnish resistance.

Neodymium is a chemical element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is present in significant quantities in the ore minerals monazite and bastnsite. Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. Although neodymium is classed as rare earth, it is a fairly common element, no rarer than cobalt, nickel, or copper, and is widely distributed in the Earth's crust.[4] Most of the world's commercial neodymium is mined in China.

Neodymium compounds were first commercially used as glass dyes in 1927, and they remain a popular additive in glasses. The color of neodymium compoundsdue to the Nd3+ ionis often a reddish-purple but it changes with the type of lighting, due to the interaction of the sharp light absorption bands of neodymium with ambient light enriched with the sharp visible emission bands of mercury, trivalent europium or terbium. Some neodymium-doped glasses are also used in lasers that emit infrared with wavelengths between 1047 and 1062 nanometers. These have been used in extremely-high-power applications, such as experiments in inertial confinement fusion.

Gadolinium is a chemical element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64. Gadolinium is a silvery-white, malleable, and ductile rare earth metal. It is found in nature only in oxidized form, and even when separated, it usually has impurities of the other rare earth. Gadolinium was discovered in 1880 by Jean Charles de Marignac, who detected its oxide by using spectroscopy. It is named after the mineral gadolinite, one of the minerals in which gadolinium is found, itself named for the chemist Johan Gadolin. Pure gadolinium was first isolated by the chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran around 1886.

Gadolinium possesses unusual metallurgical properties, to the extent that as little as 1% of gadolinium can significantly improve the workability and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures of iron, chromium, and related metals. Gadolinium as a metal or a salt absorbs neutrons and is, therefore, used sometimes for shielding in neutron radiography and in nuclear reactors.

Like most of the rare earth, gadolinium forms trivalent ions with fluorescent properties, and salts of gadolinium(III) are used as phosphors in various applications.

Dysprosium is a chemical element with symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime. Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of seven isotopes, the most abundant of which is 164Dy.

Dysprosium was first identified in 1886 by Paul mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but it was not isolated in pure form until the development of ion exchange techniques in the 1950s. Dysprosium has relatively few applications where it cannot be replaced by other chemical elements. It is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility in data storage applications, and as a component of Terfenol-D (a magnetostrictive material). Soluble dysprosium salts are mildly toxic, while the insoluble salts are considered non-toxic.