Identification numbers, letters, and/or lines are easily tattooed on tails of mice and rats . This system is useful in managing your breeding colony along with providing permanent positive identification in lab animal experiments.

The Hole Board Apparatus is a widely used experimental setup in behavioral neuroscience for assessing exploratory behavior and anxiety in rodents, particularly mice and rats. Here is a brief description:

The Conditioned Avoidance Test Apparatus is a behavioral experimental setup used to study learning, memory, and anxiety in animals, typically rodents. The apparatus generally consists of a chamber divided into two or more compartments. One compartment is designated as the "safe" zone, while the other is associated with an aversive stimulus, such as a mild electric shock.
During the test, the animal learns to associate certain cues (such as a light or sound) with the impending aversive stimulus. The animal's ability to avoid the aversive compartment in response to these cues is measured to assess its learning and memory capabilities. This apparatus is commonly used in research on neuropharmacology, cognitive function, and the effects of various drugs or treatments on anxiety-related behaviors.

The tail flick analgesimeter is a widely used instrument in pharmaceutical research for assessing the pain threshold and analgesic (pain-relieving) efficacy of drugs in rodents, typically rats and mice. Here's how it is used and its significance in research: Assessment of Pain Sensitivity: The tail flick test measures the pain sensitivity of rodents by applying a noxious thermal stimulus to the animal's tail and recording the latency to respond by flicking or withdrawing the tail. This response is a reflexive action to avoid the painful stimulus. Testing Analgesic Drugs: The primary use of the tail flick analgesimeter is to evaluate the efficacy of analgesic compounds. By comparing the response latency before and after drug administration, researchers can determine how effectively a drug increases the pain threshold. An effective analgesic will increase the latency to tail flick, indicating reduced pain perception. Dose-Response Studies: Researchers use the tail flick test to conduct dose-response studies, which involve administering different doses of an analgesic and measuring the corresponding changes in tail flick latency. This helps determine the optimal dose and potency of the drug. Mechanistic Studies: The tail flick test can be used to investigate the mechanisms of action of analgesic drugs. By using the test in combination with receptor agonists or antagonists, or genetic modifications, researchers can study the involvement of specific neurotransmitter systems (e.g., opioid, serotonin, GABA) in mediating the drug's analgesic effects. Comparative Studies: The tail flick analgesimeter allows for comparative studies of different analgesic agents or formulations. This is important for developing new pain relief medications and determining their relative efficacy compared to existing treatments. Chronic Pain Models: The tail flick test can be adapted for use in chronic pain models to evaluate the effectiveness of analgesic drugs over longer periods. This is useful for studying the potential of drugs to treat chronic pain conditions in humans. Behavioral Phenotyping: The tail flick test is part of a suite of behavioral assays used for phenotyping genetically modified rodents. It helps in understanding how genetic alterations affect pain sensitivity and analgesic responses. Validation of Pain Models: The tail flick test is used to validate animal models of pain. By demonstrating consistent pain responses and analgesic effects, researchers can establish the reliability of their models for studying pain and developing new treatments. Procedure Overview Preparation: The rodent is typically restrained gently to minimize movement without causing stress. Application of Stimulus: A focused beam of light or a heated element is applied to a specific part of the tail. Measurement: The time taken (latency) for the rodent to flick or withdraw its tail from the heat source is recorded. Data Analysis: The latency is compared across different conditions, such as before and after drug administration, to assess changes in pain sensitivity.

Rabbit restrainers for pyrogen testing procedure on rabbit in pharmacology laboratories of pharmacy colleges, industries.

The open field test (OFT) is a widely used behavioral assay in pharmaceutical and neuroscience research to assess locomotion, anxiety, and exploratory behavior in rodents, typically rats and mice. Here are the primary uses and significance of the open field test: Assessment of Locomotor Activity: The OFT is used to measure the overall locomotor activity of rodents. Researchers record the total distance traveled, speed, and movement patterns, providing insights into the animal's general activity levels and motor functions. Evaluation of Anxiety and Exploration: Center vs. Periphery Exploration: The open field arena is usually a large, square or circular area with defined center and peripheral zones. Rodents naturally tend to stay close to the walls (thigmotaxis) due to anxiety and avoid the open center area. The time spent in the center versus the periphery can indicate the level of anxiety. Less anxious animals will spend more time exploring the center. Rearing and Grooming: Additional behaviors such as rearing (standing on hind legs) and grooming are also observed as indicators of exploratory behavior and emotional state. Testing Anxiolytic and Anxiogenic Compounds: The OFT is commonly used to evaluate the effects of pharmacological agents on anxiety. Anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) drugs typically increase the time spent in the center area and overall exploration, while anxiogenic (anxiety-inducing) substances decrease these behaviors. Assessment of Motor Deficits and Stimulants: The OFT helps in assessing motor coordination and potential side effects of drugs that might affect locomotion. It is also used to evaluate the effects of stimulants, which typically increase locomotor activity. Behavioral Phenotyping: The test is used for behavioral phenotyping of different rodent strains or genetically modified animals. It provides baseline data on activity levels, anxiety, and exploratory behavior, helping to characterize the behavioral phenotype associated with specific genetic modifications. Studying Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Disorders: The OFT is utilized to model and study various neurological and psychiatric disorders. For example, reduced locomotor activity may indicate neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson's disease, while altered anxiety-like behaviors can be relevant to models of anxiety or depression. Assessment of Drug Withdrawal and Dependence: The OFT can be used to study the effects of drug withdrawal and dependence. Changes in locomotor activity and anxiety levels after withdrawal from substances like opioids or psychostimulants provide insights into the behavioral consequences of dependence and potential treatments. Longitudinal Studies: The OFT allows for longitudinal studies to track changes in behavior over time. This is useful for studying the progression of diseases, the long-term effects of treatments, or developmental changes in behavior. Procedure Overview Setup: The open field arena is typically an enclosed, square or circular space with clear delineations of center and peripheral zones. Placement of Animal: The rodent is placed in the center or periphery of the arena, depending on the specific experimental design. Observation and Recording: The animal's behavior is recorded using video tracking systems or manually, noting parameters such as time spent in different zones, total distance traveled, and specific behaviors like rearing or grooming. Data Analysis: The collected data is analyzed to determine locomotor activity, anxiety levels, and exploratory behavior.

A student physiograph, also known as a kymograph or physiological recording system, is a laboratory instrument used in physiology and biomedical research to record and analyze physiological signals and responses. Here's how it's used: Recording Physiological Signals: A student physiograph records various physiological signals such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, muscle contractions, and electrical activity of the heart (ECG) or brain (EEG). These signals are typically measured using sensors or transducers that convert physiological phenomena into electrical signals. Experimental Setup: Researchers set up experiments by attaching sensors or electrodes to the subject (e.g., human, animal, or tissue preparation) to measure specific physiological parameters. The signals from these sensors are then transmitted to the physiograph for recording and analysis. Data Visualization: The physiograph records physiological signals over time, displaying them graphically on a rotating drum or digital screen. This allows researchers to visualize and analyze changes in physiological parameters in response to experimental manipulations, interventions, or stimuli. Data Analysis: Physiological recordings obtained from the student physiograph can be analyzed to extract various parameters such as amplitude, frequency, duration, and latency of physiological responses. This data analysis helps researchers quantify and interpret the physiological effects of experimental conditions or treatments. Teaching Tool: Student physiographs are commonly used in educational settings, such as undergraduate physiology or biomedical science laboratories, to teach students fundamental principles of physiological measurement, experimental design, and data analysis. Students learn how to set up experiments, record physiological signals, and interpret the results. Research Applications: In research laboratories, student physiographs are used for conducting experiments to investigate physiological mechanisms, pathophysiology of disease, effects of drugs or interventions, and responses to environmental stimuli. They are valuable tools for generating data that contributes to scientific understanding and medical advancements. Demonstration of Biological Concepts: Physiographs can also be used for demonstration purposes in public outreach events or scientific presentations. By recording and displaying physiological responses in real-time, researchers can illustrate biological concepts and engage audiences in understanding the complexity of living systems.

A tissue healing tensiometer is used in medical and pharmaceutical research to measure the mechanical properties of healing tissues, such as tensile strength and elasticity. It assesses the progress and quality of tissue repair by applying controlled force and measuring the response of the tissue. This information is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, wound healing products, and surgical techniques, ensuring that tissues regain their original strength and functionality post-injury or surgery.

The Light and Dark Test, also known as the Light-Dark Box Test, is a behavioral assay used in pharmaceutical research to assess anxiety-like behaviors in rodents, specifically rats and mice. Here is how it is used and its significance in research: Assessment of Anxiety: The primary purpose of the Light and Dark Test is to evaluate anxiety-like behaviors in rodents. The test is based on the natural aversion of rodents to brightly lit areas and their preference for dark, enclosed spaces. This preference is linked to their instinct to avoid potential predators and open spaces. Test Setup: The apparatus typically consists of a box divided into two compartments: one brightly lit (light compartment) and the other dark (dark compartment). The light compartment is usually open and illuminated with bright light, while the dark compartment is enclosed and covered, providing a shaded area. Behavioral Measures: During the test, a rodent is placed in the middle of the apparatus, and its behavior is observed and recorded. Key behavioral measures include: Latency to Enter the Dark Compartment: The time taken for the rodent to enter the dark compartment from the light compartment. Time Spent in Each Compartment: The amount of time the rodent spends in the light compartment versus the dark compartment. Number of Transitions: The number of times the rodent moves between the light and dark compartments. Anxiolytic and Anxiogenic Drug Testing: The Light and Dark Test is commonly used to evaluate the effects of anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) and anxiogenic (anxiety-inducing) compounds. Anxiolytic drugs typically increase the time spent in the light compartment and the number of transitions between compartments, indicating reduced anxiety. Conversely, anxiogenic substances reduce the time spent in the light compartment and the number of transitions. Studying Genetic and Environmental Factors: Researchers use the Light and Dark Test to study the impact of genetic modifications, environmental factors, and stress on anxiety-like behaviors. Comparing the behavior of genetically modified rodents with wild-type controls, or assessing the effects of environmental stressors, can provide insights into the biological and environmental determinants of anxiety. Behavioral Phenotyping: The test is part of a broader battery of behavioral assays used for phenotyping rodent models. It provides valuable data on anxiety-related behaviors, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the behavioral phenotype of different strains or genetically engineered models. Mechanistic Studies: The Light and Dark Test can be used in combination with pharmacological interventions to investigate the underlying mechanisms of anxiety. By examining the effects of drugs that target specific neurotransmitter systems (e.g., serotonin, GABA), researchers can gain insights into the neurobiological pathways involved in anxiety. Validation of Animal Models: The test is used to validate animal models of anxiety disorders. By demonstrating that certain genetic, pharmacological, or environmental manipulations lead to anxiety-like behaviors in the Light and Dark Test, researchers can establish the relevance of these models for studying human anxiety conditions.

animal restrainers for rat, mice & rabbits for various types of pharmacological experiemental uses.

The shuttle box, also known as the shuttle avoidance box or active avoidance box, is an apparatus used in behavioral research with rats and mice to study learning, memory, anxiety, and the effects of various pharmacological agents. Here are the primary uses and applications of the shuttle box in pharmaceutical research: Learning and Memory Studies: Active Avoidance Learning: In the shuttle box, rodents learn to avoid an aversive stimulus, such as a mild electric shock, by moving from one compartment to another when a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a light or sound) is presented. The number of successful avoidances and the latency to avoid the shock are measured to assess the animal's learning and memory capabilities. Passive Avoidance Learning: In a variation of the test, the animal learns to avoid entering a compartment where it previously received a shock. This helps in studying memory retention and the effects of drugs on memory consolidation and retrieval. Testing Cognitive Enhancers and Impairments: The shuttle box is used to evaluate the effects of cognitive enhancers, such as nootropic drugs, on learning and memory. Improvements in avoidance behavior suggest enhanced cognitive function. Conversely, it is also used to study cognitive impairments induced by various factors such as aging, neurodegenerative diseases, or drug treatments, providing insights into mechanisms of cognitive decline and potential therapeutic interventions. Anxiety and Stress Research: The shuttle box can be used to assess anxiety and stress responses. The latency to move between compartments and the overall activity can indicate the animal's anxiety levels. Pharmacological agents that reduce anxiety typically decrease the latency and increase exploratory behavior. Pharmacological Testing: Researchers use the shuttle box to test the effects of various pharmacological agents, including anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and cognitive enhancers. By observing changes in avoidance behavior, researchers can infer the efficacy and potential side effects of these drugs. Dose-response studies can be conducted to determine the optimal dosage and efficacy of drugs. Mechanistic Studies: The shuttle box helps in investigating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying learning, memory, anxiety, and stress. By using specific pharmacological agents or genetic manipulations, researchers can study the role of different neurotransmitter systems (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, glutamate) and brain regions in these processes. Behavioral Phenotyping: It is used for behavioral phenotyping of genetically modified rodents. By comparing the performance of wild-type and genetically altered animals in the shuttle box, researchers can identify genes that play a critical role in cognitive and emotional behaviors. Validation of Animal Models: The shuttle box is employed to validate animal models of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Demonstrating that certain genetic or environmental manipulations result in altered avoidance behavior helps establish these models for studying human diseases and testing potential treatments.

Our highly accurate Telethermometer has been adorning the top ranks in the list of most preferred and sold Telethermometers in the market. They can consecutively take up to 10 readings and can be used to obtain the internal temperature of various organisms like mice, pig, guinea pig etc. The readings can be observed live on the computer using our special software provided along with the equipment. These are known for their extremely accurate readings and the ease with which they can be used.

Milton Enterprises introduces digital telethermometer having 0.1C, on screen user can observe up to 10 channels at a time, it will be used for mice, rat, rabbit & guinea pig. And it is used to measure temperature of internal body in different kind of pharmaceutical, medical, and research studies.

Detalis :

• Available for mice/ rat/ rabbit/ guinea pig.
• Temperature accuracy - 0.1C.
• Optional - PC connectivity software available on demand.

it is used to Test Pyrogen Test in Rabbit, Rat & Mice

THIS IS EDDY'S HOT PLATE IN ADDITION TO HEAT, USER CAN DO EXPERIMENT ON COLD PLATE TYPE ALSO AT THE SAME TIME

Digital friability test apparatus for pharmaceutical laboratories.

Digital Temperature Indicator and Controller, Temperature Range Ambient to 150 Degree C.or as per user desired, Temperature Accuracy: 0.1 Degree C. , Easy removable Stainless Steel Test tube stand.

The Narrow Beam Apparatus is a valuable tool in behavioral neuroscience and pharmacology due to its ability to provide precise and quantifiable assessments of motor function. Its applications include:
    Drug Development: Screening and evaluating the effects of pharmacological agents on motor coordination and balance.    Neurological Research: Studying the progression and treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.    Genetic Studies: Understanding the genetic basis of motor function and the impact of genetic modifications.    Toxicology: Assessing the neurotoxic effects of environmental and chemical agents.

Electroconvulsometer is an instrument used in pharmacology and neuroscience research to induce and measure convulsions (seizures) in animal models. This device is primarily used in the study of epilepsy, seizure thresholds, and the efficacy of anticonvulsant drugs. Key Uses of an Electroconvulsometer: Seizure Induction: The device delivers controlled electrical stimuli to animals, typically rodents, to induce seizures. This is crucial for testing the efficacy of potential anticonvulsant medications. Measurement of Seizure Activity: By recording the onset, duration, and intensity of seizures, researchers can evaluate the pharmacological effects of different substances on seizure activity. Threshold Determination: It helps determine the seizure threshold the minimum electrical stimulus required to induce a seizure. Changes in the seizure threshold can indicate the effectiveness of anticonvulsant treatments. Components of an Electroconvulsometer: Electrodes: Placed on the animal to deliver electrical pulses. Stimulus Controller: Regulates the intensity, duration, and frequency of the electrical stimulus. Recording System: Monitors and records the physiological responses, such as muscle contractions and brain activity. Applications: Anticonvulsant Drug Testing: Evaluating new drugs for their ability to prevent or reduce the severity of seizures. Epilepsy Research: Understanding the mechanisms underlying epileptic seizures and testing potential therapeutic interventions. Neuropharmacology: Studying the effects of various pharmacological agents on brain function and seizure activity.

A Digital Grip Strength Meter is an instrument used to measure the grip strength of small animals, such as rats and mice. It consists of a digital force gauge attached to a grip bar. When the animal grasps the bar, the maximum force exerted is recorded on the digital display. This device is commonly used in research to assess muscle strength, neuromuscular function, and the effects of treatments or genetic modifications on these parameters. The Digital Grip Strength Meter provides precise and reproducible measurements, making it valuable for studies in physiology, pharmacology, and neurology.

The Vogel Test (Lick-O-Meter) is a valuable tool in pharmacological research for assessing the anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects of various compounds in rodents. By measuring changes in licking behavior under a conflict situation, researchers can gain insights into the anxiety-modulating properties of the test compounds. The procedure involves baseline measurement, administration of test compounds, a conflict session with shocks, and detailed data analysis to interpret the behavioral outcomes.

Our product, the Probe Sonicator has been greatly regarded as the most efficient and easy to use equipment for various pharmaceutical testing purposes. Our digital reader gives accurate reading and the testing stand comes with a clamp for adjusting the height of the testing apparatus. We use high precision microcontrollers for accurate readings. The machine follows international standards in quality and is manufactured in our ISO certified factory, undergoing strict testing and verification.

Technical Features :

• Model : PS- 250 W/ 500 W / 750 W.
• Power Rating : 250 W / 500 W / 750 W.
• Operating Frequency : 20 K Hz
• Input Power : 100- 240 V AC. 50 – 60 Hz.
• Crusher Capacity : 1- 1000 ml. Depending on Model.

Our highly versatile Digital Organ Bath has become the most sought after organ bath by all the pharmacy colleges, medical colleges and other famous research institutes. These offer highly accurate readings and have digital indicators. The organ tubes have automatic fill and drain functionalities making it much easier to operate and maintain. The chamber is easy to clean, made of crystal clear substance and devoid of any kind of irregularities to give it the perfect finish.

Milton Enterprises introduces digital organ bath having fully featured as automatic fill organ tube, automatic drain organ tube, whenever at the time of base line and contact tine of drug and tissue, reservoir coil, digital temperature controller having 0.1°C resolution and accuracy is 0.1°C, in addition to all these use get uniform temperature throughout water tank By submersible water circulation pump.

Details :

• Organ tube fill /drain - Automatic
• Temperature controller & indicator - Digital.
• Temperature Range- Ambient to 65°C.
• Temperature accuracy - +/- 0.1°C.
• Animal Chamber - Transparent, Easy to Clean.

Technical Features :

Model : LEOB-1D / LEOB-2D / LEOB-3D / LEOB-4D
Features :

• Units as per model : 1D-Single, 2D-Double, 3D-Triple, 4D-Four units.
• Organ Tube Filling & Draining System : Automatic by Knob form Front Panel.
• Temperature Indicator & Controller : DIGITAL.
• Temperature Resolution : 0.1°C.
• Temperature Accuracy : ± 0.1°C.
• Aerator : Inbuilt (NO External Aerator Required).
• Aeration Control : By knob from Front Panel (One Bubble/ Sec. Two Bubble/ Sec).
• Uniform Temperature Maintain System : Inbuilt Water circulator Pump.
• Safety : Inbuilt Water level Indicator & Heating Controller.
• Accessories :
  • Organ Tube (As per model).
  • Reservoir Coil (As per Model).
  • Frontal Writing Liver & Its holding accessories.Simple Liver & Its holding accessories.

Technical Features :
Model : LEOB-1A / LEOB-2A / LEOB-3 A / LEOB-4 A
Features :

• Units as per model : 1A-Single, 2A-Double, 3ATriple, 4A-Four units.
• Organ Tube Filling & Draining System : Automatic by Knob form Front Panel.
• Temperature Indicator & Controller : ANALOGUE.
• Temperature Resolution : ANALOGUE.
• Temperature Accuracy : ± 0.5°C.
• Aerator : Inbuilt (NO External Aerator Required).
• Aeration Control : By knob from Front Panel (One Bubble/ Sec. Two Bubble/ Sec).
• Uniform Temperature Maintain System : Inbuilt Water circulator Pump.
• Safety : Inbuilt Water level Indicator & Heating Controller.

A Digital Plethysmometer is a laboratory instrument used to measure changes in the volume or size of an organ or body part, typically in research involving inflammation or edema in animal models. It provides precise and accurate readings by using a digital sensor to detect volume changes. This device is commonly used in pharmacological and biomedical research to assess the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs and to study vascular functions. The Digital Plethysmometer enhances the accuracy of measurements and data collection in experimental studies.

Digital plethysmometers can indeed be used to measure edema in rodent models. Here's how they can be applied for this purpose:

1. Paw Volume Measurement: One common method involves measuring changes in paw volume as an indicator of edema formation. The rodent's paw is placed in a chamber connected to the digital plethysmometer. By measuring the displacement of water or air caused by the paw, the instrument can accurately quantify changes in paw volume over time.

2. Inflammatory Models: In research settings, edema is often induced by inflammatory stimuli such as carrageenan injection or trauma. Digital plethysmometers allow researchers to monitor the progression of edema by measuring changes in paw volume at various time points post-induction.

3. Drug Screening: Researchers can use digital plethysmometers to evaluate the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs or compounds in reducing edema formation. By comparing paw volume measurements between treated and untreated groups, the effectiveness of potential therapeutics can be assessed.

4. Genetic Studies: Digital plethysmometers are also useful in studying the genetic basis of edema formation. By comparing edema responses between different strains of rodents or genetically modified models, researchers can identify genes or pathways involved in regulating inflammation and fluid accumulation.

5. Longitudinal Monitoring: Digital plethysmometers enable longitudinal monitoring of edema progression and resolution over time. This longitudinal approach provides valuable insights into the dynamics of edema formation and the temporal effects of interventions.

A Hot Plate Analgesiometer is a device used in research to measure pain response in animal models, typically rats and mice. It consists of a heated surface with a controlled temperature. Animals are placed on the hot plate, and the time it takes for them to show a pain response, such as licking their paws or jumping, is recorded. This latency period helps assess the efficacy of analgesic drugs and the pain threshold of the subjects. The Hot Plate Analgesiometer is widely used in pharmacological and neurological research to study pain mechanisms and evaluate potential pain-relief treatments.

The Rotarod Apparatus is a device used to evaluate motor coordination, balance, and endurance in rodents, typically rats and mice. It consists of a rotating rod on which the animals must walk. The speed of rotation can be constant or accelerating. The time each animal remains on the rod before falling off is recorded. This apparatus is widely used in neurological research to assess the effects of drugs, genetic modifications, or diseases on motor skills and coordination. The Rotarod test helps in studying motor deficits and the efficacy of treatments aimed at improving motor function.

We are the experts in the manufacture and supply of the most efficient and easy to use Digital Kymograph which has earned a huge recognition among the top pharmacy colleges, medical colleges as well as research institutes. We use accurate microcontrollers which can operate at very low voltages but function effectively. They are designed in such a manner that they would rarely need any maintenance or adjustments while taking the readings.

Milton Enterprises introduces digital kymograph having user friendly, gear free, maintenance free operated and controlled on low voltage by microcontroller, user can change base line and drug contact time as their requirement or desired experimental, no needed to stop rotating drum manually it will stop automatically after finished the baseline here user can change / fill ringer solution and just press continue key, rotating drum will continue in mention manner same procedure will continue after drug contact time after giving/ injecting drug during experiment in pharmacy colleges, medical colleges, and research institutes.

We have proved our expertise in the production of superior quality Forced Swimming Test Apparatus. Our unique manufacturing process results in the production of crystal clear apparatus while at the same time, giving it the toughness to protect it from any accidental damage. They are available in various sizes according to the requirements of our clients. We provide them at competitive market prices with improved quality. All our products are checked before packaging.

Details of Forced Swimming Test Apparatus : It is having Clear and Transparent Water Chamber With Fill & Drain Stop Cocks, made of Non Glossy Acrylic, The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental manipulations that are aimed at rendering or preventing depressive-like states. Mice are placed in an inescapable transparent tank that is filled with water and their escape related mobility behavior is measured.

Identification numbers, letters, and/or lines are easily tattooed on tails of mice and rats . This system is useful in managing your breeding colony along with providing permanent positive identification in lab animal experiments.

The Hole Board Apparatus is a widely used experimental setup in behavioral neuroscience for assessing exploratory behavior and anxiety in rodents, particularly mice and rats. Here is a brief description:

The Conditioned Avoidance Test Apparatus is a behavioral experimental setup used to study learning, memory, and anxiety in animals, typically rodents. The apparatus generally consists of a chamber divided into two or more compartments. One compartment is designated as the "safe" zone, while the other is associated with an aversive stimulus, such as a mild electric shock.
During the test, the animal learns to associate certain cues (such as a light or sound) with the impending aversive stimulus. The animal's ability to avoid the aversive compartment in response to these cues is measured to assess its learning and memory capabilities. This apparatus is commonly used in research on neuropharmacology, cognitive function, and the effects of various drugs or treatments on anxiety-related behaviors.

The tail flick analgesimeter is a widely used instrument in pharmaceutical research for assessing the pain threshold and analgesic (pain-relieving) efficacy of drugs in rodents, typically rats and mice. Here's how it is used and its significance in research: Assessment of Pain Sensitivity: The tail flick test measures the pain sensitivity of rodents by applying a noxious thermal stimulus to the animal's tail and recording the latency to respond by flicking or withdrawing the tail. This response is a reflexive action to avoid the painful stimulus. Testing Analgesic Drugs: The primary use of the tail flick analgesimeter is to evaluate the efficacy of analgesic compounds. By comparing the response latency before and after drug administration, researchers can determine how effectively a drug increases the pain threshold. An effective analgesic will increase the latency to tail flick, indicating reduced pain perception. Dose-Response Studies: Researchers use the tail flick test to conduct dose-response studies, which involve administering different doses of an analgesic and measuring the corresponding changes in tail flick latency. This helps determine the optimal dose and potency of the drug. Mechanistic Studies: The tail flick test can be used to investigate the mechanisms of action of analgesic drugs. By using the test in combination with receptor agonists or antagonists, or genetic modifications, researchers can study the involvement of specific neurotransmitter systems (e.g., opioid, serotonin, GABA) in mediating the drug's analgesic effects. Comparative Studies: The tail flick analgesimeter allows for comparative studies of different analgesic agents or formulations. This is important for developing new pain relief medications and determining their relative efficacy compared to existing treatments. Chronic Pain Models: The tail flick test can be adapted for use in chronic pain models to evaluate the effectiveness of analgesic drugs over longer periods. This is useful for studying the potential of drugs to treat chronic pain conditions in humans. Behavioral Phenotyping: The tail flick test is part of a suite of behavioral assays used for phenotyping genetically modified rodents. It helps in understanding how genetic alterations affect pain sensitivity and analgesic responses. Validation of Pain Models: The tail flick test is used to validate animal models of pain. By demonstrating consistent pain responses and analgesic effects, researchers can establish the reliability of their models for studying pain and developing new treatments. Procedure Overview Preparation: The rodent is typically restrained gently to minimize movement without causing stress. Application of Stimulus: A focused beam of light or a heated element is applied to a specific part of the tail. Measurement: The time taken (latency) for the rodent to flick or withdraw its tail from the heat source is recorded. Data Analysis: The latency is compared across different conditions, such as before and after drug administration, to assess changes in pain sensitivity.

Rabbit restrainers for pyrogen testing procedure on rabbit in pharmacology laboratories of pharmacy colleges, industries.

The open field test (OFT) is a widely used behavioral assay in pharmaceutical and neuroscience research to assess locomotion, anxiety, and exploratory behavior in rodents, typically rats and mice. Here are the primary uses and significance of the open field test: Assessment of Locomotor Activity: The OFT is used to measure the overall locomotor activity of rodents. Researchers record the total distance traveled, speed, and movement patterns, providing insights into the animal's general activity levels and motor functions. Evaluation of Anxiety and Exploration: Center vs. Periphery Exploration: The open field arena is usually a large, square or circular area with defined center and peripheral zones. Rodents naturally tend to stay close to the walls (thigmotaxis) due to anxiety and avoid the open center area. The time spent in the center versus the periphery can indicate the level of anxiety. Less anxious animals will spend more time exploring the center. Rearing and Grooming: Additional behaviors such as rearing (standing on hind legs) and grooming are also observed as indicators of exploratory behavior and emotional state. Testing Anxiolytic and Anxiogenic Compounds: The OFT is commonly used to evaluate the effects of pharmacological agents on anxiety. Anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) drugs typically increase the time spent in the center area and overall exploration, while anxiogenic (anxiety-inducing) substances decrease these behaviors. Assessment of Motor Deficits and Stimulants: The OFT helps in assessing motor coordination and potential side effects of drugs that might affect locomotion. It is also used to evaluate the effects of stimulants, which typically increase locomotor activity. Behavioral Phenotyping: The test is used for behavioral phenotyping of different rodent strains or genetically modified animals. It provides baseline data on activity levels, anxiety, and exploratory behavior, helping to characterize the behavioral phenotype associated with specific genetic modifications. Studying Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Disorders: The OFT is utilized to model and study various neurological and psychiatric disorders. For example, reduced locomotor activity may indicate neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson's disease, while altered anxiety-like behaviors can be relevant to models of anxiety or depression. Assessment of Drug Withdrawal and Dependence: The OFT can be used to study the effects of drug withdrawal and dependence. Changes in locomotor activity and anxiety levels after withdrawal from substances like opioids or psychostimulants provide insights into the behavioral consequences of dependence and potential treatments. Longitudinal Studies: The OFT allows for longitudinal studies to track changes in behavior over time. This is useful for studying the progression of diseases, the long-term effects of treatments, or developmental changes in behavior. Procedure Overview Setup: The open field arena is typically an enclosed, square or circular space with clear delineations of center and peripheral zones. Placement of Animal: The rodent is placed in the center or periphery of the arena, depending on the specific experimental design. Observation and Recording: The animal's behavior is recorded using video tracking systems or manually, noting parameters such as time spent in different zones, total distance traveled, and specific behaviors like rearing or grooming. Data Analysis: The collected data is analyzed to determine locomotor activity, anxiety levels, and exploratory behavior.

A student physiograph, also known as a kymograph or physiological recording system, is a laboratory instrument used in physiology and biomedical research to record and analyze physiological signals and responses. Here's how it's used: Recording Physiological Signals: A student physiograph records various physiological signals such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, muscle contractions, and electrical activity of the heart (ECG) or brain (EEG). These signals are typically measured using sensors or transducers that convert physiological phenomena into electrical signals. Experimental Setup: Researchers set up experiments by attaching sensors or electrodes to the subject (e.g., human, animal, or tissue preparation) to measure specific physiological parameters. The signals from these sensors are then transmitted to the physiograph for recording and analysis. Data Visualization: The physiograph records physiological signals over time, displaying them graphically on a rotating drum or digital screen. This allows researchers to visualize and analyze changes in physiological parameters in response to experimental manipulations, interventions, or stimuli. Data Analysis: Physiological recordings obtained from the student physiograph can be analyzed to extract various parameters such as amplitude, frequency, duration, and latency of physiological responses. This data analysis helps researchers quantify and interpret the physiological effects of experimental conditions or treatments. Teaching Tool: Student physiographs are commonly used in educational settings, such as undergraduate physiology or biomedical science laboratories, to teach students fundamental principles of physiological measurement, experimental design, and data analysis. Students learn how to set up experiments, record physiological signals, and interpret the results. Research Applications: In research laboratories, student physiographs are used for conducting experiments to investigate physiological mechanisms, pathophysiology of disease, effects of drugs or interventions, and responses to environmental stimuli. They are valuable tools for generating data that contributes to scientific understanding and medical advancements. Demonstration of Biological Concepts: Physiographs can also be used for demonstration purposes in public outreach events or scientific presentations. By recording and displaying physiological responses in real-time, researchers can illustrate biological concepts and engage audiences in understanding the complexity of living systems.

A tissue healing tensiometer is used in medical and pharmaceutical research to measure the mechanical properties of healing tissues, such as tensile strength and elasticity. It assesses the progress and quality of tissue repair by applying controlled force and measuring the response of the tissue. This information is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, wound healing products, and surgical techniques, ensuring that tissues regain their original strength and functionality post-injury or surgery.

The Light and Dark Test, also known as the Light-Dark Box Test, is a behavioral assay used in pharmaceutical research to assess anxiety-like behaviors in rodents, specifically rats and mice. Here is how it is used and its significance in research: Assessment of Anxiety: The primary purpose of the Light and Dark Test is to evaluate anxiety-like behaviors in rodents. The test is based on the natural aversion of rodents to brightly lit areas and their preference for dark, enclosed spaces. This preference is linked to their instinct to avoid potential predators and open spaces. Test Setup: The apparatus typically consists of a box divided into two compartments: one brightly lit (light compartment) and the other dark (dark compartment). The light compartment is usually open and illuminated with bright light, while the dark compartment is enclosed and covered, providing a shaded area. Behavioral Measures: During the test, a rodent is placed in the middle of the apparatus, and its behavior is observed and recorded. Key behavioral measures include: Latency to Enter the Dark Compartment: The time taken for the rodent to enter the dark compartment from the light compartment. Time Spent in Each Compartment: The amount of time the rodent spends in the light compartment versus the dark compartment. Number of Transitions: The number of times the rodent moves between the light and dark compartments. Anxiolytic and Anxiogenic Drug Testing: The Light and Dark Test is commonly used to evaluate the effects of anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) and anxiogenic (anxiety-inducing) compounds. Anxiolytic drugs typically increase the time spent in the light compartment and the number of transitions between compartments, indicating reduced anxiety. Conversely, anxiogenic substances reduce the time spent in the light compartment and the number of transitions. Studying Genetic and Environmental Factors: Researchers use the Light and Dark Test to study the impact of genetic modifications, environmental factors, and stress on anxiety-like behaviors. Comparing the behavior of genetically modified rodents with wild-type controls, or assessing the effects of environmental stressors, can provide insights into the biological and environmental determinants of anxiety. Behavioral Phenotyping: The test is part of a broader battery of behavioral assays used for phenotyping rodent models. It provides valuable data on anxiety-related behaviors, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the behavioral phenotype of different strains or genetically engineered models. Mechanistic Studies: The Light and Dark Test can be used in combination with pharmacological interventions to investigate the underlying mechanisms of anxiety. By examining the effects of drugs that target specific neurotransmitter systems (e.g., serotonin, GABA), researchers can gain insights into the neurobiological pathways involved in anxiety. Validation of Animal Models: The test is used to validate animal models of anxiety disorders. By demonstrating that certain genetic, pharmacological, or environmental manipulations lead to anxiety-like behaviors in the Light and Dark Test, researchers can establish the relevance of these models for studying human anxiety conditions.

animal restrainers for rat, mice & rabbits for various types of pharmacological experiemental uses.

The shuttle box, also known as the shuttle avoidance box or active avoidance box, is an apparatus used in behavioral research with rats and mice to study learning, memory, anxiety, and the effects of various pharmacological agents. Here are the primary uses and applications of the shuttle box in pharmaceutical research: Learning and Memory Studies: Active Avoidance Learning: In the shuttle box, rodents learn to avoid an aversive stimulus, such as a mild electric shock, by moving from one compartment to another when a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a light or sound) is presented. The number of successful avoidances and the latency to avoid the shock are measured to assess the animal's learning and memory capabilities. Passive Avoidance Learning: In a variation of the test, the animal learns to avoid entering a compartment where it previously received a shock. This helps in studying memory retention and the effects of drugs on memory consolidation and retrieval. Testing Cognitive Enhancers and Impairments: The shuttle box is used to evaluate the effects of cognitive enhancers, such as nootropic drugs, on learning and memory. Improvements in avoidance behavior suggest enhanced cognitive function. Conversely, it is also used to study cognitive impairments induced by various factors such as aging, neurodegenerative diseases, or drug treatments, providing insights into mechanisms of cognitive decline and potential therapeutic interventions. Anxiety and Stress Research: The shuttle box can be used to assess anxiety and stress responses. The latency to move between compartments and the overall activity can indicate the animal's anxiety levels. Pharmacological agents that reduce anxiety typically decrease the latency and increase exploratory behavior. Pharmacological Testing: Researchers use the shuttle box to test the effects of various pharmacological agents, including anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and cognitive enhancers. By observing changes in avoidance behavior, researchers can infer the efficacy and potential side effects of these drugs. Dose-response studies can be conducted to determine the optimal dosage and efficacy of drugs. Mechanistic Studies: The shuttle box helps in investigating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying learning, memory, anxiety, and stress. By using specific pharmacological agents or genetic manipulations, researchers can study the role of different neurotransmitter systems (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, glutamate) and brain regions in these processes. Behavioral Phenotyping: It is used for behavioral phenotyping of genetically modified rodents. By comparing the performance of wild-type and genetically altered animals in the shuttle box, researchers can identify genes that play a critical role in cognitive and emotional behaviors. Validation of Animal Models: The shuttle box is employed to validate animal models of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Demonstrating that certain genetic or environmental manipulations result in altered avoidance behavior helps establish these models for studying human diseases and testing potential treatments.

Our highly accurate Telethermometer has been adorning the top ranks in the list of most preferred and sold Telethermometers in the market. They can consecutively take up to 10 readings and can be used to obtain the internal temperature of various organisms like mice, pig, guinea pig etc. The readings can be observed live on the computer using our special software provided along with the equipment. These are known for their extremely accurate readings and the ease with which they can be used.

Milton Enterprises introduces digital telethermometer having 0.1C, on screen user can observe up to 10 channels at a time, it will be used for mice, rat, rabbit & guinea pig. And it is used to measure temperature of internal body in different kind of pharmaceutical, medical, and research studies.

Detalis :

• Available for mice/ rat/ rabbit/ guinea pig.
• Temperature accuracy - 0.1C.
• Optional - PC connectivity software available on demand.

it is used to Test Pyrogen Test in Rabbit, Rat & Mice

THIS IS EDDY'S HOT PLATE IN ADDITION TO HEAT, USER CAN DO EXPERIMENT ON COLD PLATE TYPE ALSO AT THE SAME TIME

Digital friability test apparatus for pharmaceutical laboratories.

Digital Temperature Indicator and Controller, Temperature Range Ambient to 150 Degree C.or as per user desired, Temperature Accuracy: 0.1 Degree C. , Easy removable Stainless Steel Test tube stand.

The Narrow Beam Apparatus is a valuable tool in behavioral neuroscience and pharmacology due to its ability to provide precise and quantifiable assessments of motor function. Its applications include:
    Drug Development: Screening and evaluating the effects of pharmacological agents on motor coordination and balance.    Neurological Research: Studying the progression and treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.    Genetic Studies: Understanding the genetic basis of motor function and the impact of genetic modifications.    Toxicology: Assessing the neurotoxic effects of environmental and chemical agents.

Electroconvulsometer is an instrument used in pharmacology and neuroscience research to induce and measure convulsions (seizures) in animal models. This device is primarily used in the study of epilepsy, seizure thresholds, and the efficacy of anticonvulsant drugs. Key Uses of an Electroconvulsometer: Seizure Induction: The device delivers controlled electrical stimuli to animals, typically rodents, to induce seizures. This is crucial for testing the efficacy of potential anticonvulsant medications. Measurement of Seizure Activity: By recording the onset, duration, and intensity of seizures, researchers can evaluate the pharmacological effects of different substances on seizure activity. Threshold Determination: It helps determine the seizure threshold the minimum electrical stimulus required to induce a seizure. Changes in the seizure threshold can indicate the effectiveness of anticonvulsant treatments. Components of an Electroconvulsometer: Electrodes: Placed on the animal to deliver electrical pulses. Stimulus Controller: Regulates the intensity, duration, and frequency of the electrical stimulus. Recording System: Monitors and records the physiological responses, such as muscle contractions and brain activity. Applications: Anticonvulsant Drug Testing: Evaluating new drugs for their ability to prevent or reduce the severity of seizures. Epilepsy Research: Understanding the mechanisms underlying epileptic seizures and testing potential therapeutic interventions. Neuropharmacology: Studying the effects of various pharmacological agents on brain function and seizure activity.

A Digital Grip Strength Meter is an instrument used to measure the grip strength of small animals, such as rats and mice. It consists of a digital force gauge attached to a grip bar. When the animal grasps the bar, the maximum force exerted is recorded on the digital display. This device is commonly used in research to assess muscle strength, neuromuscular function, and the effects of treatments or genetic modifications on these parameters. The Digital Grip Strength Meter provides precise and reproducible measurements, making it valuable for studies in physiology, pharmacology, and neurology.

The Vogel Test (Lick-O-Meter) is a valuable tool in pharmacological research for assessing the anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects of various compounds in rodents. By measuring changes in licking behavior under a conflict situation, researchers can gain insights into the anxiety-modulating properties of the test compounds. The procedure involves baseline measurement, administration of test compounds, a conflict session with shocks, and detailed data analysis to interpret the behavioral outcomes.

Our product, the Probe Sonicator has been greatly regarded as the most efficient and easy to use equipment for various pharmaceutical testing purposes. Our digital reader gives accurate reading and the testing stand comes with a clamp for adjusting the height of the testing apparatus. We use high precision microcontrollers for accurate readings. The machine follows international standards in quality and is manufactured in our ISO certified factory, undergoing strict testing and verification.

Technical Features :

• Model : PS- 250 W/ 500 W / 750 W.
• Power Rating : 250 W / 500 W / 750 W.
• Operating Frequency : 20 K Hz
• Input Power : 100- 240 V AC. 50 – 60 Hz.
• Crusher Capacity : 1- 1000 ml. Depending on Model.

Our highly versatile Digital Organ Bath has become the most sought after organ bath by all the pharmacy colleges, medical colleges and other famous research institutes. These offer highly accurate readings and have digital indicators. The organ tubes have automatic fill and drain functionalities making it much easier to operate and maintain. The chamber is easy to clean, made of crystal clear substance and devoid of any kind of irregularities to give it the perfect finish.

Milton Enterprises introduces digital organ bath having fully featured as automatic fill organ tube, automatic drain organ tube, whenever at the time of base line and contact tine of drug and tissue, reservoir coil, digital temperature controller having 0.1°C resolution and accuracy is 0.1°C, in addition to all these use get uniform temperature throughout water tank By submersible water circulation pump.

Details :

• Organ tube fill /drain - Automatic
• Temperature controller & indicator - Digital.
• Temperature Range- Ambient to 65°C.
• Temperature accuracy - +/- 0.1°C.
• Animal Chamber - Transparent, Easy to Clean.

Technical Features :

Model : LEOB-1D / LEOB-2D / LEOB-3D / LEOB-4D
Features :

• Units as per model : 1D-Single, 2D-Double, 3D-Triple, 4D-Four units.
• Organ Tube Filling & Draining System : Automatic by Knob form Front Panel.
• Temperature Indicator & Controller : DIGITAL.
• Temperature Resolution : 0.1°C.
• Temperature Accuracy : ± 0.1°C.
• Aerator : Inbuilt (NO External Aerator Required).
• Aeration Control : By knob from Front Panel (One Bubble/ Sec. Two Bubble/ Sec).
• Uniform Temperature Maintain System : Inbuilt Water circulator Pump.
• Safety : Inbuilt Water level Indicator & Heating Controller.
• Accessories :
  • Organ Tube (As per model).
  • Reservoir Coil (As per Model).
  • Frontal Writing Liver & Its holding accessories.Simple Liver & Its holding accessories.

Technical Features :
Model : LEOB-1A / LEOB-2A / LEOB-3 A / LEOB-4 A
Features :

• Units as per model : 1A-Single, 2A-Double, 3ATriple, 4A-Four units.
• Organ Tube Filling & Draining System : Automatic by Knob form Front Panel.
• Temperature Indicator & Controller : ANALOGUE.
• Temperature Resolution : ANALOGUE.
• Temperature Accuracy : ± 0.5°C.
• Aerator : Inbuilt (NO External Aerator Required).
• Aeration Control : By knob from Front Panel (One Bubble/ Sec. Two Bubble/ Sec).
• Uniform Temperature Maintain System : Inbuilt Water circulator Pump.
• Safety : Inbuilt Water level Indicator & Heating Controller.

A Digital Plethysmometer is a laboratory instrument used to measure changes in the volume or size of an organ or body part, typically in research involving inflammation or edema in animal models. It provides precise and accurate readings by using a digital sensor to detect volume changes. This device is commonly used in pharmacological and biomedical research to assess the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs and to study vascular functions. The Digital Plethysmometer enhances the accuracy of measurements and data collection in experimental studies.

Digital plethysmometers can indeed be used to measure edema in rodent models. Here's how they can be applied for this purpose:

1. Paw Volume Measurement: One common method involves measuring changes in paw volume as an indicator of edema formation. The rodent's paw is placed in a chamber connected to the digital plethysmometer. By measuring the displacement of water or air caused by the paw, the instrument can accurately quantify changes in paw volume over time.

2. Inflammatory Models: In research settings, edema is often induced by inflammatory stimuli such as carrageenan injection or trauma. Digital plethysmometers allow researchers to monitor the progression of edema by measuring changes in paw volume at various time points post-induction.

3. Drug Screening: Researchers can use digital plethysmometers to evaluate the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs or compounds in reducing edema formation. By comparing paw volume measurements between treated and untreated groups, the effectiveness of potential therapeutics can be assessed.

4. Genetic Studies: Digital plethysmometers are also useful in studying the genetic basis of edema formation. By comparing edema responses between different strains of rodents or genetically modified models, researchers can identify genes or pathways involved in regulating inflammation and fluid accumulation.

5. Longitudinal Monitoring: Digital plethysmometers enable longitudinal monitoring of edema progression and resolution over time. This longitudinal approach provides valuable insights into the dynamics of edema formation and the temporal effects of interventions.

A Hot Plate Analgesiometer is a device used in research to measure pain response in animal models, typically rats and mice. It consists of a heated surface with a controlled temperature. Animals are placed on the hot plate, and the time it takes for them to show a pain response, such as licking their paws or jumping, is recorded. This latency period helps assess the efficacy of analgesic drugs and the pain threshold of the subjects. The Hot Plate Analgesiometer is widely used in pharmacological and neurological research to study pain mechanisms and evaluate potential pain-relief treatments.

The Rotarod Apparatus is a device used to evaluate motor coordination, balance, and endurance in rodents, typically rats and mice. It consists of a rotating rod on which the animals must walk. The speed of rotation can be constant or accelerating. The time each animal remains on the rod before falling off is recorded. This apparatus is widely used in neurological research to assess the effects of drugs, genetic modifications, or diseases on motor skills and coordination. The Rotarod test helps in studying motor deficits and the efficacy of treatments aimed at improving motor function.

We are the experts in the manufacture and supply of the most efficient and easy to use Digital Kymograph which has earned a huge recognition among the top pharmacy colleges, medical colleges as well as research institutes. We use accurate microcontrollers which can operate at very low voltages but function effectively. They are designed in such a manner that they would rarely need any maintenance or adjustments while taking the readings.

Milton Enterprises introduces digital kymograph having user friendly, gear free, maintenance free operated and controlled on low voltage by microcontroller, user can change base line and drug contact time as their requirement or desired experimental, no needed to stop rotating drum manually it will stop automatically after finished the baseline here user can change / fill ringer solution and just press continue key, rotating drum will continue in mention manner same procedure will continue after drug contact time after giving/ injecting drug during experiment in pharmacy colleges, medical colleges, and research institutes.

We have proved our expertise in the production of superior quality Forced Swimming Test Apparatus. Our unique manufacturing process results in the production of crystal clear apparatus while at the same time, giving it the toughness to protect it from any accidental damage. They are available in various sizes according to the requirements of our clients. We provide them at competitive market prices with improved quality. All our products are checked before packaging.

Details of Forced Swimming Test Apparatus : It is having Clear and Transparent Water Chamber With Fill & Drain Stop Cocks, made of Non Glossy Acrylic, The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental manipulations that are aimed at rendering or preventing depressive-like states. Mice are placed in an inescapable transparent tank that is filled with water and their escape related mobility behavior is measured.