Description : Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering plant, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine. It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual pseudostems (false stems made of the rolled bases of leaves) about one meter tall bearing narrow leaf blades. The inflorescences bear flowers having pale yellow petals with purple edges, and arise directly from the rhizome on separate shoots.
Ginger is in the family Zingiberaceae, which also includes turmeric (Curcuma longa), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), and galangal. Ginger originated in Island Southeast Asia and was likely domesticated first by the Austronesian peoples. It was transported with them throughout the Indo-Pacific during the Austronesian expansion (c. 5, 000 BP), reaching as far as Hawaii. Ginger is one of the first spices to have been exported from Asia, arriving in Europe with the spice trade, and was used by ancient Greeks and Romans. The distantly related dicots in the genus Asarum are commonly called wild ginger because of their similar taste. In 2018, world production of ginger was 2.8 million tonnes, led by India with 32% of the world total.

Ginger Production Technology :Vintage people of India 'makaolacata" articulated by the world's leading medical substances Ginger is used in Chinese and Japanese people for a long history of medical substances containing aromatic substance. To this day, the traditional medical systems in the world occur during pregnancy, vomiting, dizziness and cold is used as the primary clinical. Medicinal ginger rich, the people of India, China and Japan in the cooking methods ginger is essential. Thus, all hot and temperate regions of the world in medical popular ginger have been widely cultivated. South East Asian Countries are the origin of Ginger. From India and China, the crop spread to other countries. Currently, Ginger cultivated in countries like India, China, Jamaica, Taiwan, Fiji, Mauritius, Brazil, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Bangladesh. It is in the Gingiferae plant family and 'Gingifer officinali is the botanical name. The Latin name of the genus cinjiper was derived from the Tamil word injiver. The name Ginger spread by Arab traders to the Greek and Roman developed countries.

Varieties :

• Rio de Janeiro
•  Maran Nadan
• Suruchi, Suravi
• Suprabha
• Himagiri
• IISR Varada
• IISR Mahima
• IISR Rejatha Athira
• Karthika

Management
Plant protection :Pests

Shoot borerShoot borer can be controlled by spraying Dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/lit or Phosphamidon 86 WSC 1 ml/lit.

Leaf rollerLeaf roller can be controlled by spraying Carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/ha or Quinalphos 25 EC 2 ml/lit.

DiseasesSoft rot (Pythium sp.)  Mulching is done at the time of planting with green leaves. After each top dressing, earth up the plants.

Description : The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum, and the plant itself, a perennial in the family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species, originating in modern-day Peru, can be found throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile.The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by indigenous peoples of the Americas independently in multiple locations, but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species traced a single origin for potatoes. In the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex, potatoes were domesticated approximately 7, 000–10, 000 years ago. In the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated.
Potatoes were introduced to Europe from the Americas in the second half of the 16th century by the Spanish. Today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. As of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice.

SoilThe soil should be friable, porous and well drained. The optimum soil pH range is 4.8 to 5.4. It prefers a cool weather. Potato is mostly grown as a rainfed crop in regions receiving a rainfall of 1200 – 2000 mm per annum.

Seed treatmentUse Carbon disulphide 30 g/100 kg of seeds for breaking the dormancy and inducing sprouting of tubers.

True potato seedThe cost of seed tubers and spread of virus disease can be greatly minimized by using ‘true potato seeds’. The hybrids developed by Central Potato Research Institute viz., HPS 1/13, HPS 11/13 and HPS 24/111 are suitable for true potato seed production. The seeds are raised in nursery beds like other vegetables and seedlings are transplanted 30 days after sowing. For raising one hectare of crop, a quantity of 100 g seed is required.

Preparation of fieldPrepare the land to fine tilth.  In hills provide an inward slope in the terraces. Provide drainage channel along the inner edge of the terrace. Form ridges and furrows with a spacing of 45 cm between ridges either by hand hoe or ridger.

PlantingUse disease free, well spouted tubers weighing 40 – 50 grams for planting. Plant the tubers at 20 cm apart.

Application of fertilizersApply 15 t/ha of FYM and 2 kg each of Azospirillum and Phosphobacterium as basal and 120 kg N, 240 kg P and 120 kg K/ha in two splits; half as basal and the balance for top dressing on 30 days after sowing.  Apply Magnesium sulphate at 60 kg/ha as basal dose.

Varieties :

• Kufri Jyoti
• Kufri Muthu
• Kufri Swarna
• Kufri Thangam
• Kufri Malar
• Kufri Soga
• Kufri Giriraj

Season
PlainsPlanting is done during October – November in plains.

Seed rateAbout 3000 – 3500 kg/ha of seeds is required.


PlainsPlanting can be done during August.

Management
Plant protection
Pests
NematodesAvoid growing potato year after year in the same field.  Follow rotation with vegetables and green manure. Application of Carbofuran 3 G (1.0 kg a.i.) 33 kg/ha in furrows while seeding. For cyst nematode resistant variety Kufri Swarna, half dose of the above nematicide is enough.

Biological control of nematodesApplication of Pseudomonas fluorescens

IrrigationIrrigate the crop 10 days after planting. Subsequent irrigation should be given once in a week.

After cultivation
Weed controlThe critical period of weed-competition is upto 60 days and it is essential to keep the field weed-free during that period. Take up the first hoeing on 45th day without disturbing stolons. Second hoeing and earthing can be taken up at 60th day.

Description :

• A drumstick is a type of percussion mallet used particularly for playing snare drum, drum kit and some other percussion instruments, and particularly for playing unpitched percussion.
• Specialized beaters used on some other percussion instruments, such as the metal beater or wand used with a triangle, and particularly beaters or mallets used with tuned percussion such as xylophone and timpani, are not normally referred to as drumsticks. Drumsticks generally have all of the following characteristics:
• They are normally supplied and used in pairs.
• They are held in the hands, most often one in each hand.
• They may be used to play at least some sort of drum (as well as other instruments).
• They are normally used only for unpitched percussion.

Varieties :

• PKM 1
• PKM 2
• KKM 1

SeasonJuly – October

Management
High density planting and fertigation in moringa PKM 1

• High density planting at 1.5 X 1.0 m spacing with two plants/hill and plant population 13, 333 / ha along with the application of fertilizer dose of 135: 23 :45 g of NPK/pit (150%) through drip increases the yield of moringa. In this phosphorus should be applied basally as soil application. N and K can be applied in the form of urea and muriate of potash through drip.
• For PKM-2, the closest spacing of 1.2 x 1.2 m is ideal to obtain the highest yield of 138 t/ha. The pinching of main shoots on 80th day after sowing will also help register the highest yield of fruits.

After cultivationGap filling may be done within a month. Pinch off the seedlings when they are about 75 cm in height to facilitate more branching. Short duration vegetables like Cowpea, Bhendi and Tomato can be grown as intercrop.

• For perennial moringa, medium pruning of shoots at 70 cm from the tip has to be followed to regulate flowering and obtain the highest yield of 37 kg/ tree.

 
Irrigation/Cultivation
IrrigationIrrigate before sowing and on the 3rd day after sowing and subsequently at 10 – 15 days interval according to soil type.

Preparatory cultivation

• Dig pits of size 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm with a spacing of 2.0 - 2.5 m either way. Apply 15 kg of compost or FYM/pit after mixing with top soil.
• High density planting and fertigation in moringa PKM 1
• High density planting at 1.5 X 1.0 m spacing with two pla

Description : Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering plant, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine. It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual pseudostems (false stems made of the rolled bases of leaves) about one meter tall bearing narrow leaf blades. The inflorescences bear flowers having pale yellow petals with purple edges, and arise directly from the rhizome on separate shoots.
Ginger is in the family Zingiberaceae, which also includes turmeric (Curcuma longa), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), and galangal. Ginger originated in Island Southeast Asia and was likely domesticated first by the Austronesian peoples. It was transported with them throughout the Indo-Pacific during the Austronesian expansion (c. 5, 000 BP), reaching as far as Hawaii. Ginger is one of the first spices to have been exported from Asia, arriving in Europe with the spice trade, and was used by ancient Greeks and Romans. The distantly related dicots in the genus Asarum are commonly called wild ginger because of their similar taste. In 2018, world production of ginger was 2.8 million tonnes, led by India with 32% of the world total.

Ginger Production Technology :Vintage people of India 'makaolacata" articulated by the world's leading medical substances Ginger is used in Chinese and Japanese people for a long history of medical substances containing aromatic substance. To this day, the traditional medical systems in the world occur during pregnancy, vomiting, dizziness and cold is used as the primary clinical. Medicinal ginger rich, the people of India, China and Japan in the cooking methods ginger is essential. Thus, all hot and temperate regions of the world in medical popular ginger have been widely cultivated. South East Asian Countries are the origin of Ginger. From India and China, the crop spread to other countries. Currently, Ginger cultivated in countries like India, China, Jamaica, Taiwan, Fiji, Mauritius, Brazil, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Bangladesh. It is in the Gingiferae plant family and 'Gingifer officinali is the botanical name. The Latin name of the genus cinjiper was derived from the Tamil word injiver. The name Ginger spread by Arab traders to the Greek and Roman developed countries.

Varieties :

• Rio de Janeiro
•  Maran Nadan
• Suruchi, Suravi
• Suprabha
• Himagiri
• IISR Varada
• IISR Mahima
• IISR Rejatha Athira
• Karthika

Management
Plant protection :Pests

Shoot borerShoot borer can be controlled by spraying Dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/lit or Phosphamidon 86 WSC 1 ml/lit.

Leaf rollerLeaf roller can be controlled by spraying Carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/ha or Quinalphos 25 EC 2 ml/lit.

DiseasesSoft rot (Pythium sp.)  Mulching is done at the time of planting with green leaves. After each top dressing, earth up the plants.

Description : The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum, and the plant itself, a perennial in the family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species, originating in modern-day Peru, can be found throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile.The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by indigenous peoples of the Americas independently in multiple locations, but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species traced a single origin for potatoes. In the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex, potatoes were domesticated approximately 7, 000–10, 000 years ago. In the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated.
Potatoes were introduced to Europe from the Americas in the second half of the 16th century by the Spanish. Today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. As of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice.

SoilThe soil should be friable, porous and well drained. The optimum soil pH range is 4.8 to 5.4. It prefers a cool weather. Potato is mostly grown as a rainfed crop in regions receiving a rainfall of 1200 – 2000 mm per annum.

Seed treatmentUse Carbon disulphide 30 g/100 kg of seeds for breaking the dormancy and inducing sprouting of tubers.

True potato seedThe cost of seed tubers and spread of virus disease can be greatly minimized by using ‘true potato seeds’. The hybrids developed by Central Potato Research Institute viz., HPS 1/13, HPS 11/13 and HPS 24/111 are suitable for true potato seed production. The seeds are raised in nursery beds like other vegetables and seedlings are transplanted 30 days after sowing. For raising one hectare of crop, a quantity of 100 g seed is required.

Preparation of fieldPrepare the land to fine tilth.  In hills provide an inward slope in the terraces. Provide drainage channel along the inner edge of the terrace. Form ridges and furrows with a spacing of 45 cm between ridges either by hand hoe or ridger.

PlantingUse disease free, well spouted tubers weighing 40 – 50 grams for planting. Plant the tubers at 20 cm apart.

Application of fertilizersApply 15 t/ha of FYM and 2 kg each of Azospirillum and Phosphobacterium as basal and 120 kg N, 240 kg P and 120 kg K/ha in two splits; half as basal and the balance for top dressing on 30 days after sowing.  Apply Magnesium sulphate at 60 kg/ha as basal dose.

Varieties :

• Kufri Jyoti
• Kufri Muthu
• Kufri Swarna
• Kufri Thangam
• Kufri Malar
• Kufri Soga
• Kufri Giriraj

Season
PlainsPlanting is done during October – November in plains.

Seed rateAbout 3000 – 3500 kg/ha of seeds is required.


PlainsPlanting can be done during August.

Management
Plant protection
Pests
NematodesAvoid growing potato year after year in the same field.  Follow rotation with vegetables and green manure. Application of Carbofuran 3 G (1.0 kg a.i.) 33 kg/ha in furrows while seeding. For cyst nematode resistant variety Kufri Swarna, half dose of the above nematicide is enough.

Biological control of nematodesApplication of Pseudomonas fluorescens

IrrigationIrrigate the crop 10 days after planting. Subsequent irrigation should be given once in a week.

After cultivation
Weed controlThe critical period of weed-competition is upto 60 days and it is essential to keep the field weed-free during that period. Take up the first hoeing on 45th day without disturbing stolons. Second hoeing and earthing can be taken up at 60th day.

Description :

• A drumstick is a type of percussion mallet used particularly for playing snare drum, drum kit and some other percussion instruments, and particularly for playing unpitched percussion.
• Specialized beaters used on some other percussion instruments, such as the metal beater or wand used with a triangle, and particularly beaters or mallets used with tuned percussion such as xylophone and timpani, are not normally referred to as drumsticks. Drumsticks generally have all of the following characteristics:
• They are normally supplied and used in pairs.
• They are held in the hands, most often one in each hand.
• They may be used to play at least some sort of drum (as well as other instruments).
• They are normally used only for unpitched percussion.

Varieties :

• PKM 1
• PKM 2
• KKM 1

SeasonJuly – October

Management
High density planting and fertigation in moringa PKM 1

• High density planting at 1.5 X 1.0 m spacing with two plants/hill and plant population 13, 333 / ha along with the application of fertilizer dose of 135: 23 :45 g of NPK/pit (150%) through drip increases the yield of moringa. In this phosphorus should be applied basally as soil application. N and K can be applied in the form of urea and muriate of potash through drip.
• For PKM-2, the closest spacing of 1.2 x 1.2 m is ideal to obtain the highest yield of 138 t/ha. The pinching of main shoots on 80th day after sowing will also help register the highest yield of fruits.

After cultivationGap filling may be done within a month. Pinch off the seedlings when they are about 75 cm in height to facilitate more branching. Short duration vegetables like Cowpea, Bhendi and Tomato can be grown as intercrop.

• For perennial moringa, medium pruning of shoots at 70 cm from the tip has to be followed to regulate flowering and obtain the highest yield of 37 kg/ tree.

 
Irrigation/Cultivation
IrrigationIrrigate before sowing and on the 3rd day after sowing and subsequently at 10 – 15 days interval according to soil type.

Preparatory cultivation

• Dig pits of size 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm with a spacing of 2.0 - 2.5 m either way. Apply 15 kg of compost or FYM/pit after mixing with top soil.
• High density planting and fertigation in moringa PKM 1
• High density planting at 1.5 X 1.0 m spacing with two pla