Rail shoulder is cast in the concrete rail ties to fix the elastic rail clips. There are two types of rail shoulders available, the cast-in shoulder and the weld-on shoulder, both of which are used for the fixing of elastic rail clips. Cast-in rail shoulder The casting shoulders as the embedded part of the rail way fastening system are pressed in concrete sleeper and work together with the E clip to fasten the rail. The cast in shoulder is made by casting from iron, such as, GB/T 1348-1988, NF EN 1563(1997), ISO1038, DIN 1693, JIS G5502 (2001), KS D 4302, GOST 7293(1985) or BS EN 1563(1997). Weld-on shoulder The weld-on shoulder is used at the typical position of rail where the rail shoulder is weld on flat steel plate rather than the standard tie plate. The weld-on shoulder is produced by hot forging, according to AREA standard. The materials for weld-on shoulders production can be low or mid carbon steel, based on the customer’s requirements.