Tor Steel is one of the best grade of steel used in concrete reinforced. Its kind of high adherence steel. Other types of steel are used for less resistance concrete.Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) bars are a type of corrosion resistant steel reinforcing bar used in concrete construction.

Silica

Calcium Oxide

Loss on Ignition

Insoluble Residue

Iron as Fe2O3

Alumina as Al2O3

Sulphuric Anhydride

Magnesia as MgO

Chloride

Combined Oxide

Test Method : IS 4032 : 1985, Reaffirmed 2009.

Mechanical testing

Consistency

Setting Time

Compressive Strength

Fineness Blaine

Soundness (Le-chatelier)

Soundness (Autoclave)

Drying Shrinkage

Density

Fineness by dry sieving

Test Method : IS 4031 : 1988 (P-12, 4, 5, 6, 3, 10, 11) Reaffirmed 2009

Third party witness is provided in our laboratory.

Compressive strength:

The most common strength test, compressive strength, is carried out on a 50 mm (2-inch) cement mortar test specimen. The test specimen is subjected to a compressive load (usually from a hydraulic machine) until failure.Test Method: IS: 4031 (P-6) 1988

Fineness:

The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Greater fineness increases the surface available for hydration, causing greater early strength and more rapid generation of heat. Cement fineness play a major role in controlling concrete properties. Fineness of cement affects the place ability, workability, and water content of a concrete mixture much like the amount of cement used in concrete does.Test Method: IS: 4031 (P-2)1990

Loss On Ignition:

This test helps in determining the inorganic analytical chemistry, particularly in the analysis of minerals. It consists of strongly heating ("igniting") a sample of the material at a specified temperature, allowing volatile substances to escape, until its mass ceases to change.Test Method: IS: 4032-1985

Setting Time:

Initial setting time is the time that elapsed from the instance of adding water until the paste ceases to behave as fluid or plastic. Whereas final setting time referred to the required for the cement paste to reach certain state of hardness to sustain some load.Test Method: IS: 4031 (P-5) 1996

Soundness:

Soundness refers to the ability of a hardened cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Lack of soundness is observed in the cement samples containing excessive amount of hard burnt free lime or magnesia.Test Method: IS: 4031 (P-3) 1990

Chemical Analysis

Chemical analysis of hardened concrete can provide a wealth of information about the mix constituents and possible causes of deterioration. Standard methods can be used to find the cement content and original water/cement ratio, but many other properties can also be established; Cement Content and Aggregate Cement Ratio, Cement Content and Pulverised fuel ash/fly ash (pfa) content, Cement Content and Slag content, Water/Cement Ratio, Aggregate Grading, Determination of the presence of High-Alumina Cement (HAC)Test Method: IS: 4032-1985, RA 2005.

• Mechanical
  • Tensile properties (Tensile Strength, Modulus, Elongation)
  • Flexural Properties (Flexural Strength, Modulus)
  • Hardness (Shore Hardness, Rockwell, IRHD)
  • Compression strength, Bulk modulus
  • Izod Impact strength
  • Tear Strength
  • Abrasion Resistance
  • Filler Conent

• Chemical
  • Filler content/Carbon Black content
  • Filler analysis
  • Moisture content
  • Trace elemental analysis in polymers etc.
  • Resistance to chemicals, acids, and alkalis
  • Water Absorption
  • Total solids
  • Loss on heating
  • Effect of liquids (Ageing of Rubber in Oil/Emulsions/Other Fluids )
  • Ageing studies (Air/Humidity)
  • Environmental Stress Cracking
  • Acid value, Amine value, KOH number
  • K value of PVC
  • RoHS

Colour (TCU)

Odour

Conductivity

Turbidity, NTU

pH Value

Total Dissloved Solids

TotalHardness(as CaCO3)

Carbonate Hardness (as CaCO3)

Non Carbonate Hardness (as CaCO3)

Phenopthenlein Alkalinity (as CaCO3)

MethylOrangeAlkalinity (as CaCO3)

Calcium (as Ca)

Magnesium (as Mg)

Chloride (as Cl)

Sulphate (as SO4)

Iron (as Fe)

Nitrate (No3)

Silica (as SiO2)

Construction Propose as per IS : 456 : 2000 (Reaffirmed Year 2010)

Organic Solids

InorganicSolids

Sulphates as SO3

Chlorides as Cl

Suspended matter

pH Value

Quantity of 0.02N NaOH required to neutralise 100ml of water sample using phenolphthalein as an indicator

Some of the generally followed published literatures are as listed below:
Indian Standards Specifications (IS)
British Standards Specifications (BSS)
American Standards (ASTM)
International Standards (ISO)
German Standards (DIN)
Standard Books for Chemical Analysis

1. Products

Ferrous, Nonferrous, Structural Materials, Pipe, Metallic coatings, Bronze and Brass.

Parameters : Failure Analysis Corrosion Resistance Decarburization Internal defects Coating Thickness Grain Size Inclusion Rating Grain Size Wall Thickness Microstructure Case Depth Surface defects Salt Spray test The sample is subjected to accelerated corrosion in various corrosive equipments and the impact of the corrosion in estimated in the material by way of mechanical testing or loss of weight. Intergranular Corrosion test as per ASTM A 262 Practice A (Oxalic Acid Etch Test) Practice B (Ferrous Sulphate-sulphuric acid) Practice C (Boiling in Nitric Acid) Practice E (Copper Sulphate-Sulphuric Acid 15hrs.) Practice F (Copper Sulphate-Sulphuric Acid 72hrs) Pitting Corrosion Test as per ASTM G48 Salt Spray Test per ASTM B117 Stress-Corrosion Cracking test as per ASTM G35

Tor Steel is one of the best grade of steel used in concrete reinforced. Its kind of high adherence steel. Other types of steel are used for less resistance concrete. Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) bars are a type of corrosion resistant steel reinforcing bar used in concrete construction. Mechanical tests Ultimate Tensile Strength: 0.2% Proof stress / Yield stress: Elongation: Bend Test: Re-Bend test Mass per Weight run Test Method as Per IS : 1786 : 2008, IS : 1608 : 2005, IS 1599 : 1985andASTM E8 M : 2009, Chemical Analysis Carbon Manganese Silicon Sulphur Phosphorous Test Method as Per IS : 228 : 2005, IS : 8811 : 2005 Third party witness is provided in our laboratory. Ultimate Tensile Strength: This test helps in determining the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking, which is when the specimen's cross-section starts to significantly contract.Test Method: ASTM A36, IS: 1608-2005 0.2% Proof stress / Yield stress: Yield strength is the lowest stress that produces a permanent deformation in a material. In some materials, like aluminium alloys, the point of yielding is hard to define, thus it is usually given as the stress required causing 0.2% plastic strain. This is called a 0.2% proof stress.Test Method: ASTM E8 M-09 Elongation: The elongation is the increase in length of the gage length, expressed as a percentage of the original gage length. In reporting elongation values, give both the percentage increase and the original gage length.Test Method: IS: 3600 (P-3)1989, ASME 5EC-lX Bend Test: This test helps in determining the ductility, but it cannot be considered as a quantitative means of predicting service performance in bending operations. The severity of the bend test is primarily a function of the angle of bend and inside diameter to which the specimen is bent, and of the cross-section of the specimen. These conditions are varied according to location and orientation of the test specimen and the chemical composition, tensile properties, hardness, type, and quality of the steel specified.Test Method: IS: 1599-1985, IS: 2329-2005, IS: 3600 (P-5, 6)1983 Rebend Test: The purpose of re-bend test is to measure the effect of strain ageing on steel.Test Method: IS: 1786-2008

The purpose of this test is to design a compression shear device for easy and fast measurement of the bonded shear strength of wood-based materials.Test Method: IS: 1734 (P-4) 1983, RA-2003

Moisture content:

This test helps in determining the moisture content (MC) of solid wood, veneer, and other wood-base materials, including those that contain adhesives and chemical additives.Test Method: IS: 1734 (P-1) 1983, RA-2003

Density:

Analyzing tree density can serve great ecological and scientific function. The tools used to accumulate this knowledge are generally uncomplicated and minimize any ensuing damage done to tree specimens.Test Method: 1708 (P-2)1986, RA-2008

Bending strength:

In bending, it is assumed that wood is linearly elastic for low values of stress, i.e., the stress and strain are proportional to each other and produce an elastic or straight-line plot on the typical stress-strain curve.Test Method: IS: 1734 (P-11) 1983

Compression strength:

The box compression test (bct) measures the compressive strength of boxes made of corrugated fiberboard as well as wooden boxes and crates. It provides a plot of deformation vs compressive force . Containers other than boxes can also be subjected to compression testing: drum, pail, etc.Test Method:

Swelling in thickness:

This test helps in determining the effect of ambient environment, temperature and relative humidity, on the hygroscopic thickness swelling rate of wood fiberboard and wood fiber/polymer composites. A swelling model describing the thickness swelling process of composites exposed to water vapor conditions was developed, from which the parameter, KSR, can be used to quantify the swelling rate.Test Method: IS: 2380 (P-17)1977, RA-203

Ability to hold a screw:

The ability to hold screws in both face and edges is an important attribute of wood.Test Method: IS: 2380 (P-14)1977, RA-2003, IS: 1708 (P-15)1986

Wood quality:

This test helps in determining the quality of wood. The kind of wood that is used has a lot of bearing on how long your furniture will last. It can be made of hardwood, softwood, or engineered wood.Test Method: IS: 4020 (P-4)1998

Flush Door Shutter:

Flush Door Shutters means forming a continuous surface. As the name suggests, Flush door shutters flushes or blends with the wall & adds a look of continuity to the wall. Flush doors are the most economical choice for builders because of their durability, dimensional accuracy, as well as freedom from warps & de-lamination when subjected to atmospheric changes.Test Method: IS: 2202

Pre laminated particle board:

This test helps in determining the resistance to steam, Dimension, Water absorption, Resistance to Crack , Density, Swelling in water , Adhesion of plies, Moisture, Resistance to stains, Resistance to water, Tensile strength, Screw withdrawal strength, Resistance to Cigarette burn, Modulus of rupture, Tensile strength perpendicular to surface, Tensile strength perpendicular to surface after ageing, Abrasion resistance , Dimension, Density & density variation, Strength, Swelling due to surface absorption.Test Method: IS: 12823

MDF / MDP Board:

MDF does not contain knots or rings, making it more uniform than natural woods during cutting and in service. Medium-density fiberboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product formed by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. MDF is denser than plywood.Test Method: IS: 12406 & IS: 3087

FRP / GRP door shutter:

This test helps in determining the features like quality, design, weather resistant and durability.Test Method: IS: 4020 / 14856

Ply wood:

The plywood test helps in determining their usefulness and durability. They help in measuring the quantity of moisture in the wood.Test Method: IS: 303 / 1989

Water Absorption:

Test Method IS 2380 : 1997

The tests for welded structures are :

Visual inspection

Perentrant inspection

Magnetic particle inspection

Radiography

Ultrasonic inspection

Macro Examination

Mechanical testing

oTensile Strength

oBend test

oSideBendtest

oHardness in HV (Parent Metal, HAZ, Weld)

Fracture test

Welder procedure specification (WPS) tests

Procedure qualification records (PQR) tests

Visual Inspection

Visual techniques are widely used to ensure product reliability during Manufacturing and to examine any gross discrepancies on the surface of operation components. These techniques involve illumination of object surface with light and examination of the reflected light using visual aids, usually at magnification.

Penetrant Inspection

Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials.

Magnetic Particle Inspection

Magnetic particle inspection processes are non-destructive methods for the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in ferrous materials. They make use of an externally applied magnetic field of electric current through the material, and the principle that the magnetic flux with leave the part at the area of the flaw.

Magnetic Particle Inspection

Magnetic Particle inspection processes are non-destructive methods for the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in ferrous materials. They make use of an externally applied magnetic field or electric current though the material, and the principle that the magnetic flux will leave the part at the area of the flaw.

Radiography

This technique involves the use of penetrating gamma or x-radiation to examine parts and products for imperfections. An X-ray machine or radioactive isotope is used as a source ofradiator. Radiator is directed through a part and onto film or other media. The resulting shadowgraph shows the internal soundness of the part. Possible imperfections are indicated as density changes in the film in the same manner as X-ray shows broken bones.

Ultrasonic Inspection

Ultrasonic inspection can be used for flaw detection / evaluation, dimensional measurements, material characterization, and more

Macro Examination

Macro examination is the procedure in which a specimen is etched and evaluated macro structurally at low magnifications. Macro examination is a frequently used technique for evaluating steel products such as billects, bars, booms and forgings.

This test helps in determining the ability of a coating to resist degradation due to mechanical wear by hard and rough objects. Abrasion resistance can be enhanced by incorporation of surface modifying additives. Adhesion: Adhesion testing in the paint and coating industries is necessary to ensure the paint or coating will adhere properly to the substrates to which they are applied.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-5)(SEC-2)1988 Alkali Resistance of Paint: This test helps in determining the degree to which a paint resists reaction with alkaline materials such as lime, cement, plaster, soap, etc.; a necessary property for paints in bathrooms, kitchens, laundries.Test Method: IS: 427-2005, IS: 428-2006 Cass Test: This test helps in determining the corrosive performance of decorative copper/nickel/chromium or nickel/chromium coatings on steel, zinc alloys, aluminum alloys, and plastics designed for severe service. It is also applicable to the testing of anodized aluminum. Chemical Resistance: This test helps in determining the ability of a coat to resist chemical deterioration or staining.Test Method: IS: 13630 (P-8) 2006, EN 105-106 Chip Resistance: This test helps in determining the resistance of surface coatings (paint, clear coats, metallic plating, etc.) to chipping caused by the impacts of gravel or other flying objects. Coating Hardness: This test helps in determining the hardness of paint coat.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-5)(SEC-1)1988 Coating Surface roughness /Profile: The proper and effective preparation of a surface prior to coating is essential. Making sure that the correct roughness or profile has been generated is essential. If the profile is too low, the adhesion of the coating to the surface will be reduced. Too high and there is the danger that the profile peaks will remain uncoated.Test Method: Coating Thickness: This test helps in determining the thickness of paint plating, coatings and galvanizing on iron steel.Test Method: IS: 6745-1972 Condensing Humidity: This test helps in determining the resistance of organic coatings by controlled condensation. Condensation is produced by exposing the test surface of the sample to a heated, saturated mixture of air and water vapor, while the reverse side of the sample is cooled to room temperature air.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-6) (SEC-1)1988 Crosshatch Adherence: This test helps in determining the adhesion of a large variety of coatings.Test Method: Cyclic Corrosion: This test helps in determining the corrosion degradation of coating systems for steel bridges.Test Method: Drying Time: This test is done to know when a coating is totally dry. When developing a process, it is often important to know the exact time it takes for the coating to dry or cure. There are many stages to the coating drying time. Once a coating has been applied, the first stage is that the coating levels off under gravity. Once a coating begins to cure, a thin dry film appears on the surface. The coating then continues to dry and finally after a period of time, the coating is totally cured.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-3) (SEC-4)1986 Failure Analysis: This test helps in determining when, where, and how the paint or coating failure occurred.Test Method: Falling Weight: The ability of a pipe coating to resist mechanical damage during shipping, handling, and installation will depend upon its impact resistance. This test method provides a systematic means for screening coating materials with regard to this property.Test Method: Flexibility: This test helps in determining the ability of a coating system to withstand the stresses of fabrication. Organic coatings on precoated sheet are subjected to stresses when fabricated into products by roll forming, brake bending, or other deformation processes. These stresses can exceed the flexibility or adhesive strength of the coating, resulting in fracture of the coating which exposes the substrate, or in the loss of adhesion of the coating to the substrate.Test Method: Gloss (60deg.C): Gloss measurement is essential instrument where a cosmetic appearance of the coating finish is required. It measures, guide to control and test right from matt to mirror finish accurately. Multi directing a beam light at a specific angle to the test surface and measuring the amount of reflection determine gloss. For general gloss measurement the 60 angle is recommended.Test Method: IS: 13607-1992, IS: 5691-1970 Hardness: This test method covers a procedure for rapid, inexpensive determination of the film hardness of an organic coating on a substrate in terms of drawing leads or pencil leads of known hardness. This test covers the determination of the indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint, varnish and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.Test Method: ASTM D3363 / ASTM D1474 Impact resistance: Impact performance after painting/printing can be tested with several impact tests, like a puncture test or a falling dart test.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-5)(SEC-3)1999 Moisture Content: This test helps in determining the total water content of paints using a calcium hydride reaction test kit, or water content between 2 and 85 % water.Test Method: Peel: This test is used to measure resistance to cracking (flexibility) and adhesion of attached organic coatings on substrates of sheet metal or rubber-type materials.Test Method: Salt Spray: The salt spray test is a standardized test method used to check corrosion resistance of coated samples.Test Method: IS: 2074-1992, IS: 13183-1991, IS: 13607-1992 Scratch Resistance: The scratch resistance can be established e.g. in the Taber abrasion test, where the amount of haze is established after a number of abrasive cycles. The scratch resistance can also be determined quantitatively by measuring the weight loss after a number of sanding cycles. The pen test determines the indentation caused by a sharp pencil applied with a defined force.Test Method: ISO 1518 Volatile Content: This test helps in determining the weight percent volatile content of solvent-reducible and water-reducible coatings.Test Method: ASTM D2369, IS: 101 (P-2) (SEC-2)1986 Water Content: The amount of water that paint coat could absorb is measured by the water content test.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-2) (SEC-1)1988 Water Resistance: Water can cause the degradation of coatings, so knowledge of how a coating resists water is helpful for assessing how it will perform in actual service.Test Method: IS: 101 (P7SC-1)1989, IS: 13183-1991, IS: 5691-1970

All aggregate is required to meet a minimum strength valve, as defined by the 10% value test. This and other specifications ensure that only the highest quality materials are being used on construction projects. Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-4)1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Alkali Aggregate Reactivity:

Alkali-aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of strength of the concrete.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-7) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Chloride Content:

The total chloride content of aggregate is usually measured to assess whether the aggregate's contribution to the total chloride content of a concrete mix will be low enough to prevent the early onset of corrosion of any embedded steel reinforcement.Test Method: IS: 4032-1985 Reaffirmed 2009

Clay Lumps and friable Particles:

This test helps in determining the percentage of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate. Clay lumps in aggregate shall be defined as any particles or aggregation of particles which when thoroughly wet can be distorted when squeezed between the thumb and forefinger, or will disintegrate into individual grain sizes when immersed for a short period in water. Friable particles are defined as particles which vary from the basic aggregate particles in that they may either readily disintegrate under normal handling and mixing pressures imposed upon them by construction procedures, or break down after being incorporated into the work.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-2) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Clay Slit and Dust passing/ Sieve:

This test helps in determining the of a granular material. The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material performs in use. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-organic or organic granular materials including sands, crushed rock, clays, granite, feldspars, coal and soil, a wide range of manufactured powders, grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method. Being such a simple technique of particle sizing, it is probably the most common.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-2) 1963Reaffirmed 2011

Compaction Fraction:

This test helps in determining the compaction percentage of an aggregate when loose compared to the same aggregate compacted in a standard manner. It is useful in assessing an aggregates when placed loosely, for example, as a pipe surround material. Aggregate suitable for use as pipe bedding would display a low compaction fraction, indicating it reaches a state of near full compaction under loose placement.

Crushing Value:

The Aggregate Crushing Value offers a related measure of the resistance of an average to crushing under a compressive load that is gradually applied.Test Method: IS: 9376-1979, IS: 2386 (P-4)1963 (Reaffirmed 2010)

Drying Shrinkage:

Drying shrinkage is defined as the contracting of a hardened concrete mixture due to the loss of capillary water. This shrinkage causes an increase in tensile stress, which may lead to cracking, internal warping, and external deflection, before the concrete is subjected to any kind of loading.

Flakiness and Elongation Index:

Flakey is the term applied to aggregate or chippings that are flat and thin with respect to their length or width, Aggregate particles are said to be flakey when their thickness is less than 0.6 of their mean size. The flakiness index is found by expressing the weight of the flakey aggregate as a percentage of the aggregate tested.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-1) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Impact Value:

This test helps in determining the value which indicates the ability of an aggregate to resist crushing. The lower the figure the stronger the aggregate, i.e. the greater its ability to resist crushing.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-4) 1963, Reaffirmed 2011, ASTMC 131-2006

Lightweight Pieces:

This test helps in determining the approximate percentage of lightweight pieces in aggregate by means of sink-float separation in a heavy liquid of suitable specific gravity. This method may be used in identifying pourous aggregate particles in research activities or in petrographic analysis.

Los Angle Abrasion:

The Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test (Figure 1) is a common test method used to indicate aggregate toughness and abrasion characteristics. Aggregate abrasion characteristics are important because the constituent aggregate in HMA must resist crushing, degradation and disintegration in order to produce a high quality HMA.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-4) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Organic Impurities Effect on Mortar Strength:

This test helps in determining the rapid assessment of organic impurities by indicates their presence. Comparison is made between compressive strengths of mortar made with washed and unwashed fine aggregate.Test Method: ASTM C40

Organic Impurities:

This test helps in determining the presence of organic compounds in fine aggregates to for use in cement mortar or concrete. The test provides a quick, relative measure to determine if further tests of the fine aggregate are necessary before approval for use.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-2)1963Reaffirmed 2011

Particle Size Distribution:

This test helps in determining the percentile quantity of particles of known diameter within a sample. The specimen can be either passed through a set of standard sieves in its natural state, or if a significant amount of binding material is present, such as clay, then the sample can first be washed over a small aperture sieve to remove the binding material.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-1) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM C136-2006, IS: 383-1970

Sand Equivalent Value:

The sand equivalent test is a rapid field test to show the relative proportions of fine dust or clay-like materials in fine aggregate (or granular soils).Test Method: MORTM, IS: 2720 (Pt-37)1976Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM D 2419-2009

Soundness:

This test helps in determining the resistance to disintegration by freezing and thawing. It furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates subjected to weathering, particularly when adequate information is not available from service records of the behavior of the aggregate.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-5)1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Specific gravity and water absorption:

The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of the material. The specific gravity test helps in the identification of stone. Water absorption gives an idea of strength of aggregate. Aggregates having more water absorption are more porous in nature and are generally considered unsuitable unless they are found to be acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness tests.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-3)1963 Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM C 127, 128-2007

Sulphate Content:

The total sulphate content of aggregate is usually measured to assess whether the aggregate's contribution to the total sulphate content of a concrete mix will be low enough to prevent any deleterious effects.Test Method: IS: 4032-1985 Reaffirmed 2009

We are the main supplier of this product.

Laboratory testing Soil

Natural moisture Content Mechanical Analysis ( Sieve and Hydrometer) Atterbergs limits Shrinkage Limit Field Density /bulk density Free Swell Index Swell Pressure Direct Shear Test Triaxial Shear Test Consolidation test Proctor Compaction CaliforniaBearing Ratio Lab Permeability test

Tor Steel is one of the best grade of steel used in concrete reinforced. Its kind of high adherence steel. Other types of steel are used for less resistance concrete.Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) bars are a type of corrosion resistant steel reinforcing bar used in concrete construction.

Silica

Calcium Oxide

Loss on Ignition

Insoluble Residue

Iron as Fe2O3

Alumina as Al2O3

Sulphuric Anhydride

Magnesia as MgO

Chloride

Combined Oxide

Test Method : IS 4032 : 1985, Reaffirmed 2009.

Mechanical testing

Consistency

Setting Time

Compressive Strength

Fineness Blaine

Soundness (Le-chatelier)

Soundness (Autoclave)

Drying Shrinkage

Density

Fineness by dry sieving

Test Method : IS 4031 : 1988 (P-12, 4, 5, 6, 3, 10, 11) Reaffirmed 2009

Third party witness is provided in our laboratory.

Compressive strength:

The most common strength test, compressive strength, is carried out on a 50 mm (2-inch) cement mortar test specimen. The test specimen is subjected to a compressive load (usually from a hydraulic machine) until failure.Test Method: IS: 4031 (P-6) 1988

Fineness:

The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Greater fineness increases the surface available for hydration, causing greater early strength and more rapid generation of heat. Cement fineness play a major role in controlling concrete properties. Fineness of cement affects the place ability, workability, and water content of a concrete mixture much like the amount of cement used in concrete does.Test Method: IS: 4031 (P-2)1990

Loss On Ignition:

This test helps in determining the inorganic analytical chemistry, particularly in the analysis of minerals. It consists of strongly heating ("igniting") a sample of the material at a specified temperature, allowing volatile substances to escape, until its mass ceases to change.Test Method: IS: 4032-1985

Setting Time:

Initial setting time is the time that elapsed from the instance of adding water until the paste ceases to behave as fluid or plastic. Whereas final setting time referred to the required for the cement paste to reach certain state of hardness to sustain some load.Test Method: IS: 4031 (P-5) 1996

Soundness:

Soundness refers to the ability of a hardened cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Lack of soundness is observed in the cement samples containing excessive amount of hard burnt free lime or magnesia.Test Method: IS: 4031 (P-3) 1990

Chemical Analysis

Chemical analysis of hardened concrete can provide a wealth of information about the mix constituents and possible causes of deterioration. Standard methods can be used to find the cement content and original water/cement ratio, but many other properties can also be established; Cement Content and Aggregate Cement Ratio, Cement Content and Pulverised fuel ash/fly ash (pfa) content, Cement Content and Slag content, Water/Cement Ratio, Aggregate Grading, Determination of the presence of High-Alumina Cement (HAC)Test Method: IS: 4032-1985, RA 2005.

• Mechanical
  • Tensile properties (Tensile Strength, Modulus, Elongation)
  • Flexural Properties (Flexural Strength, Modulus)
  • Hardness (Shore Hardness, Rockwell, IRHD)
  • Compression strength, Bulk modulus
  • Izod Impact strength
  • Tear Strength
  • Abrasion Resistance
  • Filler Conent

• Chemical
  • Filler content/Carbon Black content
  • Filler analysis
  • Moisture content
  • Trace elemental analysis in polymers etc.
  • Resistance to chemicals, acids, and alkalis
  • Water Absorption
  • Total solids
  • Loss on heating
  • Effect of liquids (Ageing of Rubber in Oil/Emulsions/Other Fluids )
  • Ageing studies (Air/Humidity)
  • Environmental Stress Cracking
  • Acid value, Amine value, KOH number
  • K value of PVC
  • RoHS

Colour (TCU)

Odour

Conductivity

Turbidity, NTU

pH Value

Total Dissloved Solids

TotalHardness(as CaCO3)

Carbonate Hardness (as CaCO3)

Non Carbonate Hardness (as CaCO3)

Phenopthenlein Alkalinity (as CaCO3)

MethylOrangeAlkalinity (as CaCO3)

Calcium (as Ca)

Magnesium (as Mg)

Chloride (as Cl)

Sulphate (as SO4)

Iron (as Fe)

Nitrate (No3)

Silica (as SiO2)

Construction Propose as per IS : 456 : 2000 (Reaffirmed Year 2010)

Organic Solids

InorganicSolids

Sulphates as SO3

Chlorides as Cl

Suspended matter

pH Value

Quantity of 0.02N NaOH required to neutralise 100ml of water sample using phenolphthalein as an indicator

Some of the generally followed published literatures are as listed below:
Indian Standards Specifications (IS)
British Standards Specifications (BSS)
American Standards (ASTM)
International Standards (ISO)
German Standards (DIN)
Standard Books for Chemical Analysis

1. Products

Ferrous, Nonferrous, Structural Materials, Pipe, Metallic coatings, Bronze and Brass.

Parameters : Failure Analysis Corrosion Resistance Decarburization Internal defects Coating Thickness Grain Size Inclusion Rating Grain Size Wall Thickness Microstructure Case Depth Surface defects Salt Spray test The sample is subjected to accelerated corrosion in various corrosive equipments and the impact of the corrosion in estimated in the material by way of mechanical testing or loss of weight. Intergranular Corrosion test as per ASTM A 262 Practice A (Oxalic Acid Etch Test) Practice B (Ferrous Sulphate-sulphuric acid) Practice C (Boiling in Nitric Acid) Practice E (Copper Sulphate-Sulphuric Acid 15hrs.) Practice F (Copper Sulphate-Sulphuric Acid 72hrs) Pitting Corrosion Test as per ASTM G48 Salt Spray Test per ASTM B117 Stress-Corrosion Cracking test as per ASTM G35

Tor Steel is one of the best grade of steel used in concrete reinforced. Its kind of high adherence steel. Other types of steel are used for less resistance concrete. Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) bars are a type of corrosion resistant steel reinforcing bar used in concrete construction. Mechanical tests Ultimate Tensile Strength: 0.2% Proof stress / Yield stress: Elongation: Bend Test: Re-Bend test Mass per Weight run Test Method as Per IS : 1786 : 2008, IS : 1608 : 2005, IS 1599 : 1985andASTM E8 M : 2009, Chemical Analysis Carbon Manganese Silicon Sulphur Phosphorous Test Method as Per IS : 228 : 2005, IS : 8811 : 2005 Third party witness is provided in our laboratory. Ultimate Tensile Strength: This test helps in determining the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking, which is when the specimen's cross-section starts to significantly contract.Test Method: ASTM A36, IS: 1608-2005 0.2% Proof stress / Yield stress: Yield strength is the lowest stress that produces a permanent deformation in a material. In some materials, like aluminium alloys, the point of yielding is hard to define, thus it is usually given as the stress required causing 0.2% plastic strain. This is called a 0.2% proof stress.Test Method: ASTM E8 M-09 Elongation: The elongation is the increase in length of the gage length, expressed as a percentage of the original gage length. In reporting elongation values, give both the percentage increase and the original gage length.Test Method: IS: 3600 (P-3)1989, ASME 5EC-lX Bend Test: This test helps in determining the ductility, but it cannot be considered as a quantitative means of predicting service performance in bending operations. The severity of the bend test is primarily a function of the angle of bend and inside diameter to which the specimen is bent, and of the cross-section of the specimen. These conditions are varied according to location and orientation of the test specimen and the chemical composition, tensile properties, hardness, type, and quality of the steel specified.Test Method: IS: 1599-1985, IS: 2329-2005, IS: 3600 (P-5, 6)1983 Rebend Test: The purpose of re-bend test is to measure the effect of strain ageing on steel.Test Method: IS: 1786-2008

The purpose of this test is to design a compression shear device for easy and fast measurement of the bonded shear strength of wood-based materials.Test Method: IS: 1734 (P-4) 1983, RA-2003

Moisture content:

This test helps in determining the moisture content (MC) of solid wood, veneer, and other wood-base materials, including those that contain adhesives and chemical additives.Test Method: IS: 1734 (P-1) 1983, RA-2003

Density:

Analyzing tree density can serve great ecological and scientific function. The tools used to accumulate this knowledge are generally uncomplicated and minimize any ensuing damage done to tree specimens.Test Method: 1708 (P-2)1986, RA-2008

Bending strength:

In bending, it is assumed that wood is linearly elastic for low values of stress, i.e., the stress and strain are proportional to each other and produce an elastic or straight-line plot on the typical stress-strain curve.Test Method: IS: 1734 (P-11) 1983

Compression strength:

The box compression test (bct) measures the compressive strength of boxes made of corrugated fiberboard as well as wooden boxes and crates. It provides a plot of deformation vs compressive force . Containers other than boxes can also be subjected to compression testing: drum, pail, etc.Test Method:

Swelling in thickness:

This test helps in determining the effect of ambient environment, temperature and relative humidity, on the hygroscopic thickness swelling rate of wood fiberboard and wood fiber/polymer composites. A swelling model describing the thickness swelling process of composites exposed to water vapor conditions was developed, from which the parameter, KSR, can be used to quantify the swelling rate.Test Method: IS: 2380 (P-17)1977, RA-203

Ability to hold a screw:

The ability to hold screws in both face and edges is an important attribute of wood.Test Method: IS: 2380 (P-14)1977, RA-2003, IS: 1708 (P-15)1986

Wood quality:

This test helps in determining the quality of wood. The kind of wood that is used has a lot of bearing on how long your furniture will last. It can be made of hardwood, softwood, or engineered wood.Test Method: IS: 4020 (P-4)1998

Flush Door Shutter:

Flush Door Shutters means forming a continuous surface. As the name suggests, Flush door shutters flushes or blends with the wall & adds a look of continuity to the wall. Flush doors are the most economical choice for builders because of their durability, dimensional accuracy, as well as freedom from warps & de-lamination when subjected to atmospheric changes.Test Method: IS: 2202

Pre laminated particle board:

This test helps in determining the resistance to steam, Dimension, Water absorption, Resistance to Crack , Density, Swelling in water , Adhesion of plies, Moisture, Resistance to stains, Resistance to water, Tensile strength, Screw withdrawal strength, Resistance to Cigarette burn, Modulus of rupture, Tensile strength perpendicular to surface, Tensile strength perpendicular to surface after ageing, Abrasion resistance , Dimension, Density & density variation, Strength, Swelling due to surface absorption.Test Method: IS: 12823

MDF / MDP Board:

MDF does not contain knots or rings, making it more uniform than natural woods during cutting and in service. Medium-density fiberboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product formed by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. MDF is denser than plywood.Test Method: IS: 12406 & IS: 3087

FRP / GRP door shutter:

This test helps in determining the features like quality, design, weather resistant and durability.Test Method: IS: 4020 / 14856

Ply wood:

The plywood test helps in determining their usefulness and durability. They help in measuring the quantity of moisture in the wood.Test Method: IS: 303 / 1989

Water Absorption:

Test Method IS 2380 : 1997

The tests for welded structures are :

Visual inspection

Perentrant inspection

Magnetic particle inspection

Radiography

Ultrasonic inspection

Macro Examination

Mechanical testing

oTensile Strength

oBend test

oSideBendtest

oHardness in HV (Parent Metal, HAZ, Weld)

Fracture test

Welder procedure specification (WPS) tests

Procedure qualification records (PQR) tests

Visual Inspection

Visual techniques are widely used to ensure product reliability during Manufacturing and to examine any gross discrepancies on the surface of operation components. These techniques involve illumination of object surface with light and examination of the reflected light using visual aids, usually at magnification.

Penetrant Inspection

Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials.

Magnetic Particle Inspection

Magnetic particle inspection processes are non-destructive methods for the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in ferrous materials. They make use of an externally applied magnetic field of electric current through the material, and the principle that the magnetic flux with leave the part at the area of the flaw.

Magnetic Particle Inspection

Magnetic Particle inspection processes are non-destructive methods for the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in ferrous materials. They make use of an externally applied magnetic field or electric current though the material, and the principle that the magnetic flux will leave the part at the area of the flaw.

Radiography

This technique involves the use of penetrating gamma or x-radiation to examine parts and products for imperfections. An X-ray machine or radioactive isotope is used as a source ofradiator. Radiator is directed through a part and onto film or other media. The resulting shadowgraph shows the internal soundness of the part. Possible imperfections are indicated as density changes in the film in the same manner as X-ray shows broken bones.

Ultrasonic Inspection

Ultrasonic inspection can be used for flaw detection / evaluation, dimensional measurements, material characterization, and more

Macro Examination

Macro examination is the procedure in which a specimen is etched and evaluated macro structurally at low magnifications. Macro examination is a frequently used technique for evaluating steel products such as billects, bars, booms and forgings.

This test helps in determining the ability of a coating to resist degradation due to mechanical wear by hard and rough objects. Abrasion resistance can be enhanced by incorporation of surface modifying additives. Adhesion: Adhesion testing in the paint and coating industries is necessary to ensure the paint or coating will adhere properly to the substrates to which they are applied.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-5)(SEC-2)1988 Alkali Resistance of Paint: This test helps in determining the degree to which a paint resists reaction with alkaline materials such as lime, cement, plaster, soap, etc.; a necessary property for paints in bathrooms, kitchens, laundries.Test Method: IS: 427-2005, IS: 428-2006 Cass Test: This test helps in determining the corrosive performance of decorative copper/nickel/chromium or nickel/chromium coatings on steel, zinc alloys, aluminum alloys, and plastics designed for severe service. It is also applicable to the testing of anodized aluminum. Chemical Resistance: This test helps in determining the ability of a coat to resist chemical deterioration or staining.Test Method: IS: 13630 (P-8) 2006, EN 105-106 Chip Resistance: This test helps in determining the resistance of surface coatings (paint, clear coats, metallic plating, etc.) to chipping caused by the impacts of gravel or other flying objects. Coating Hardness: This test helps in determining the hardness of paint coat.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-5)(SEC-1)1988 Coating Surface roughness /Profile: The proper and effective preparation of a surface prior to coating is essential. Making sure that the correct roughness or profile has been generated is essential. If the profile is too low, the adhesion of the coating to the surface will be reduced. Too high and there is the danger that the profile peaks will remain uncoated.Test Method: Coating Thickness: This test helps in determining the thickness of paint plating, coatings and galvanizing on iron steel.Test Method: IS: 6745-1972 Condensing Humidity: This test helps in determining the resistance of organic coatings by controlled condensation. Condensation is produced by exposing the test surface of the sample to a heated, saturated mixture of air and water vapor, while the reverse side of the sample is cooled to room temperature air.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-6) (SEC-1)1988 Crosshatch Adherence: This test helps in determining the adhesion of a large variety of coatings.Test Method: Cyclic Corrosion: This test helps in determining the corrosion degradation of coating systems for steel bridges.Test Method: Drying Time: This test is done to know when a coating is totally dry. When developing a process, it is often important to know the exact time it takes for the coating to dry or cure. There are many stages to the coating drying time. Once a coating has been applied, the first stage is that the coating levels off under gravity. Once a coating begins to cure, a thin dry film appears on the surface. The coating then continues to dry and finally after a period of time, the coating is totally cured.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-3) (SEC-4)1986 Failure Analysis: This test helps in determining when, where, and how the paint or coating failure occurred.Test Method: Falling Weight: The ability of a pipe coating to resist mechanical damage during shipping, handling, and installation will depend upon its impact resistance. This test method provides a systematic means for screening coating materials with regard to this property.Test Method: Flexibility: This test helps in determining the ability of a coating system to withstand the stresses of fabrication. Organic coatings on precoated sheet are subjected to stresses when fabricated into products by roll forming, brake bending, or other deformation processes. These stresses can exceed the flexibility or adhesive strength of the coating, resulting in fracture of the coating which exposes the substrate, or in the loss of adhesion of the coating to the substrate.Test Method: Gloss (60deg.C): Gloss measurement is essential instrument where a cosmetic appearance of the coating finish is required. It measures, guide to control and test right from matt to mirror finish accurately. Multi directing a beam light at a specific angle to the test surface and measuring the amount of reflection determine gloss. For general gloss measurement the 60 angle is recommended.Test Method: IS: 13607-1992, IS: 5691-1970 Hardness: This test method covers a procedure for rapid, inexpensive determination of the film hardness of an organic coating on a substrate in terms of drawing leads or pencil leads of known hardness. This test covers the determination of the indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint, varnish and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.Test Method: ASTM D3363 / ASTM D1474 Impact resistance: Impact performance after painting/printing can be tested with several impact tests, like a puncture test or a falling dart test.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-5)(SEC-3)1999 Moisture Content: This test helps in determining the total water content of paints using a calcium hydride reaction test kit, or water content between 2 and 85 % water.Test Method: Peel: This test is used to measure resistance to cracking (flexibility) and adhesion of attached organic coatings on substrates of sheet metal or rubber-type materials.Test Method: Salt Spray: The salt spray test is a standardized test method used to check corrosion resistance of coated samples.Test Method: IS: 2074-1992, IS: 13183-1991, IS: 13607-1992 Scratch Resistance: The scratch resistance can be established e.g. in the Taber abrasion test, where the amount of haze is established after a number of abrasive cycles. The scratch resistance can also be determined quantitatively by measuring the weight loss after a number of sanding cycles. The pen test determines the indentation caused by a sharp pencil applied with a defined force.Test Method: ISO 1518 Volatile Content: This test helps in determining the weight percent volatile content of solvent-reducible and water-reducible coatings.Test Method: ASTM D2369, IS: 101 (P-2) (SEC-2)1986 Water Content: The amount of water that paint coat could absorb is measured by the water content test.Test Method: IS: 101 (P-2) (SEC-1)1988 Water Resistance: Water can cause the degradation of coatings, so knowledge of how a coating resists water is helpful for assessing how it will perform in actual service.Test Method: IS: 101 (P7SC-1)1989, IS: 13183-1991, IS: 5691-1970

All aggregate is required to meet a minimum strength valve, as defined by the 10% value test. This and other specifications ensure that only the highest quality materials are being used on construction projects. Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-4)1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Alkali Aggregate Reactivity:

Alkali-aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of strength of the concrete.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-7) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Chloride Content:

The total chloride content of aggregate is usually measured to assess whether the aggregate's contribution to the total chloride content of a concrete mix will be low enough to prevent the early onset of corrosion of any embedded steel reinforcement.Test Method: IS: 4032-1985 Reaffirmed 2009

Clay Lumps and friable Particles:

This test helps in determining the percentage of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate. Clay lumps in aggregate shall be defined as any particles or aggregation of particles which when thoroughly wet can be distorted when squeezed between the thumb and forefinger, or will disintegrate into individual grain sizes when immersed for a short period in water. Friable particles are defined as particles which vary from the basic aggregate particles in that they may either readily disintegrate under normal handling and mixing pressures imposed upon them by construction procedures, or break down after being incorporated into the work.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-2) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Clay Slit and Dust passing/ Sieve:

This test helps in determining the of a granular material. The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material performs in use. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-organic or organic granular materials including sands, crushed rock, clays, granite, feldspars, coal and soil, a wide range of manufactured powders, grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method. Being such a simple technique of particle sizing, it is probably the most common.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-2) 1963Reaffirmed 2011

Compaction Fraction:

This test helps in determining the compaction percentage of an aggregate when loose compared to the same aggregate compacted in a standard manner. It is useful in assessing an aggregates when placed loosely, for example, as a pipe surround material. Aggregate suitable for use as pipe bedding would display a low compaction fraction, indicating it reaches a state of near full compaction under loose placement.

Crushing Value:

The Aggregate Crushing Value offers a related measure of the resistance of an average to crushing under a compressive load that is gradually applied.Test Method: IS: 9376-1979, IS: 2386 (P-4)1963 (Reaffirmed 2010)

Drying Shrinkage:

Drying shrinkage is defined as the contracting of a hardened concrete mixture due to the loss of capillary water. This shrinkage causes an increase in tensile stress, which may lead to cracking, internal warping, and external deflection, before the concrete is subjected to any kind of loading.

Flakiness and Elongation Index:

Flakey is the term applied to aggregate or chippings that are flat and thin with respect to their length or width, Aggregate particles are said to be flakey when their thickness is less than 0.6 of their mean size. The flakiness index is found by expressing the weight of the flakey aggregate as a percentage of the aggregate tested.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-1) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Impact Value:

This test helps in determining the value which indicates the ability of an aggregate to resist crushing. The lower the figure the stronger the aggregate, i.e. the greater its ability to resist crushing.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-4) 1963, Reaffirmed 2011, ASTMC 131-2006

Lightweight Pieces:

This test helps in determining the approximate percentage of lightweight pieces in aggregate by means of sink-float separation in a heavy liquid of suitable specific gravity. This method may be used in identifying pourous aggregate particles in research activities or in petrographic analysis.

Los Angle Abrasion:

The Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test (Figure 1) is a common test method used to indicate aggregate toughness and abrasion characteristics. Aggregate abrasion characteristics are important because the constituent aggregate in HMA must resist crushing, degradation and disintegration in order to produce a high quality HMA.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-4) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Organic Impurities Effect on Mortar Strength:

This test helps in determining the rapid assessment of organic impurities by indicates their presence. Comparison is made between compressive strengths of mortar made with washed and unwashed fine aggregate.Test Method: ASTM C40

Organic Impurities:

This test helps in determining the presence of organic compounds in fine aggregates to for use in cement mortar or concrete. The test provides a quick, relative measure to determine if further tests of the fine aggregate are necessary before approval for use.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-2)1963Reaffirmed 2011

Particle Size Distribution:

This test helps in determining the percentile quantity of particles of known diameter within a sample. The specimen can be either passed through a set of standard sieves in its natural state, or if a significant amount of binding material is present, such as clay, then the sample can first be washed over a small aperture sieve to remove the binding material.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-1) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM C136-2006, IS: 383-1970

Sand Equivalent Value:

The sand equivalent test is a rapid field test to show the relative proportions of fine dust or clay-like materials in fine aggregate (or granular soils).Test Method: MORTM, IS: 2720 (Pt-37)1976Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM D 2419-2009

Soundness:

This test helps in determining the resistance to disintegration by freezing and thawing. It furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates subjected to weathering, particularly when adequate information is not available from service records of the behavior of the aggregate.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-5)1963 Reaffirmed 2011

Specific gravity and water absorption:

The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of the material. The specific gravity test helps in the identification of stone. Water absorption gives an idea of strength of aggregate. Aggregates having more water absorption are more porous in nature and are generally considered unsuitable unless they are found to be acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness tests.Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-3)1963 Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM C 127, 128-2007

Sulphate Content:

The total sulphate content of aggregate is usually measured to assess whether the aggregate's contribution to the total sulphate content of a concrete mix will be low enough to prevent any deleterious effects.Test Method: IS: 4032-1985 Reaffirmed 2009

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Laboratory testing Soil

Natural moisture Content Mechanical Analysis ( Sieve and Hydrometer) Atterbergs limits Shrinkage Limit Field Density /bulk density Free Swell Index Swell Pressure Direct Shear Test Triaxial Shear Test Consolidation test Proctor Compaction CaliforniaBearing Ratio Lab Permeability test