Tor Steel is one of the best grade of steel used in concrete reinforced. It’s kind of high adherence steel. Other types of steel are used for less resistance concrete.   Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) bars are a type of corrosion resistant steel reinforcing bar used in concrete construction .          Mechanical tests                                                                    Ø  Ultimate Tensile Strength:     Ø  0.2% Proof stress / Yield stress:   Ø  Elongation:   Ø  Bend Test:   Ø  Re-Bend test   Ø  Mass per Weight run   Test Method as Per IS : 1786 : 2008, IS : 1608 : 2005,    IS 1599 : 1985    and    ASTM E8 M : 2009,   Chemical Analysis   Ø  Carbon   Ø  Manganese   Ø  Silicon   Ø  Sulphur   Ø  Phosphorous     Test Method as Per IS : 228 : 2005, IS : 8811 : 2005             Third party witness is provided in our laboratory.   Ultimate Tensile Strength:   This test helps in determining the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking, which is when the specimen's cross-section starts to significantly contract. Test Method: ASTM A36, IS: 1608-2005     0.2% Proof stress / Yield stress:   Yield strength is the lowest stress that produces a permanent deformation in a material. In some materials, like aluminium alloys, the point of yielding is hard to define, thus it is usually given as the stress required causing 0.2% plastic strain. This is called a 0.2% proof stress. Test Method: ASTM E8 M-09   Elongation:   The elongation is the increase in length of the gage length, expressed as a percentage of the original gage length. In reporting elongation values, give both the percentage increase and the original gage length. Test Method: IS: 3600 (P-3)1989, ASME 5EC-lX   Bend Test:   This test helps in determining the ductility, but it cannot be considered as a quantitative means of predicting service performance in bending operations. The severity of the bend test is primarily a function of the angle of bend and inside diameter to which the specimen is bent, and of the cross-section of the specimen. These conditions are varied according to location and orientation of the test specimen and the chemical composition, tensile properties, hardness, type, and quality of the steel specified. Test Method: IS: 1599-1985, IS: 2329-2005, IS: 3600 (P-5, 6)1983   Rebend Test:   The purpose of re-bend test is to measure the effect of strain ageing on steel. Test Method: IS: 1786-2008  

  Some of the generally followed published literatures are as listed below: »  Indian Standards Specifications (IS) »  British Standards Specifications (BSS) »  American Standards (ASTM) »  International Standards (ISO) »  German Standards (DIN) »  Standard Books for Chemical Analysis

  1. Products   Ferrous, Nonferrous, Structural Materials, Pipe,   Metallic coatings ,   Bronze and Brass. Parameters :   ü    Failure Analysis ü    Corrosion Resistance ü    Decarburization ü    Internal defects ü    Coating Thickness ü    Grain Size ü    Inclusion Rating ü    Grain Size  ü    Wall Thickness ü    Microstructure ü    Case Depth ü    Surface defects ü    Salt Spray test   The sample is subjected to accelerated corrosion in various corrosive equipments and the impact of the corrosion in estimated in the material by way of mechanical testing or loss of weight. Intergranular Corrosion test as per ASTM A 262 Practice A (Oxalic Acid Etch Test) Practice B (Ferrous Sulphate-sulphuric acid) Practice C (Boiling in Nitric Acid) Practice E (Copper Sulphate-Sulphuric Acid 15hrs.) Practice F (Copper Sulphate-Sulphuric Acid 72hrs) Pitting Corrosion Test as per ASTM G48 Salt Spray Test per ASTM B117   Stress-Corrosion Cracking test as per ASTM G35                 

The tests for welded structures are : Ø    Visual inspection Ø    Perentrant inspection Ø    Magnetic particle inspection Ø    Radiography Ø    Ultrasonic inspection Ø    Macro Examination Ø    Mechanical testing o      Tensile Strength o      Bend test o      Side Bend test o      Hardness in HV (Parent Metal, HAZ, Weld) Ø    Fracture test Ø    Welder procedure specification (WPS) tests Ø    Procedure qualification records (PQR) tests   Visual Inspection   Visual techniques are widely used to ensure product reliability during Manufacturing and to examine any gross discrepancies on the surface of operation components. These techniques involve illumination of object surface with light and examination of the reflected light using visual aids, usually at magnification.   Penetrant Inspection   Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials.   Magnetic Particle Inspection   Magnetic particle inspection processes are non-destructive methods for the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in ferrous materials. They make use of an externally applied magnetic field of electric current through the material, and the principle that the magnetic flux with leave the part at the area of the flaw.   Magnetic Particle Inspection   Magnetic Particle inspection processes are non-destructive methods for the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in ferrous materials. They make use of an externally applied magnetic field or electric current though the material, and the principle that the magnetic flux will leave the part at the area of the flaw. Radiography   This technique involves the use of penetrating gamma or x-radiation to examine parts and products for imperfections. An X-ray machine or radioactive isotope is used as a source of    radiator. Radiator is directed through a part and onto film or other media. The resulting shadowgraph shows the internal soundness of the part. Possible imperfections are indicated as density changes in the film in the same manner as X-ray shows broken bones.   Ultrasonic Inspection   Ultrasonic inspection can be used for flaw detection / evaluation, dimensional measurements, material characterization, and more   Macro Examination   Macro examination is the procedure in which a specimen is etched and evaluated macro structurally at low magnifications. Macro examination is a frequently used technique for evaluating steel products such as billects, bars, booms and forgings.

Tor Steel is one of the best grade of steel used in concrete reinforced. It’s kind of high adherence steel. Other types of steel are used for less resistance concrete.Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) bars are a type of corrosion resistant steel reinforcing bar used in concrete construction.

All aggregate is required to meet a minimum strength valve, as defined by the 10% value test. This and other specifications ensure that only the highest quality materials are being used on construction projects. Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-4)1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Alkali Aggregate Reactivity:   Alkali-aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of strength of the concrete. Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-7) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Chloride Content:   The total chloride content of aggregate is usually measured to assess whether the aggregate's contribution to the total chloride content of a concrete mix will be low enough to prevent the early onset of corrosion of any embedded steel reinforcement. Test Method: IS: 4032-1985 Reaffirmed 2009   Clay Lumps and friable Particles:   This test helps in determining the percentage of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate. Clay lumps in aggregate shall be defined as any particles or aggregation of particles which when thoroughly wet can be distorted when squeezed between the thumb and forefinger, or will disintegrate into individual grain sizes when immersed for a short period in water. Friable particles are defined as particles which vary from the basic aggregate particles in that they may either readily disintegrate under normal handling and mixing pressures imposed upon them by construction procedures, or break down after being incorporated into the work. Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-2) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Clay Slit and Dust passing/ Sieve:   This test helps in determining the of a granular material. The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material performs in use. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-organic or organic granular materials including sands, crushed rock, clays, granite, feldspars, coal and soil, a wide range of manufactured powders, grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method. Being such a simple technique of particle sizing, it is probably the most common. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-2) 1963   Reaffirmed 2011   Compaction Fraction:   This test helps in determining the compaction percentage of an aggregate when loose compared to the same aggregate compacted in a standard manner. It is useful in assessing an aggregate’s when placed loosely, for example, as a pipe surround material. Aggregate suitable for use as pipe bedding would display a low compaction fraction, indicating it reaches a state of near full compaction under loose placement.   Crushing Value:   The Aggregate Crushing Value offers a related measure of the resistance of an average to crushing under a compressive load that is gradually applied. Test Method:  IS: 9376-1979, IS: 2386 (P-4)1963 (Reaffirmed 2010)   Drying Shrinkage:   Drying shrinkage is defined as the contracting of a hardened concrete mixture due to the loss of capillary water. This shrinkage causes an increase in tensile stress, which may lead to cracking, internal warping, and external deflection, before the concrete is subjected to any kind of loading.   Flakiness and Elongation Index:   Flakey is the term applied to aggregate or chippings that are flat and thin with respect to their length or width, Aggregate particles are said to be flakey when their thickness is less than 0.6 of their mean size. The flakiness index is found by expressing the weight of the flakey aggregate as a percentage of the aggregate tested. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-1) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Impact Value:   This test helps in determining the value which indicates the ability of an aggregate to resist crushing. The lower the figure the stronger the aggregate, i.e. the greater its ability to resist crushing. Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-4) 1963, Reaffirmed 2011,    ASTMC 131-2006   Lightweight Pieces:   This test helps in determining the approximate percentage of lightweight pieces in aggregate by means of sink-float separation in a heavy liquid of suitable specific gravity. This method may be used in identifying pourous aggregate particles in research activities or in petrographic analysis.   Los Angle Abrasion:   The Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test (Figure 1) is a common test method used to indicate aggregate toughness and abrasion characteristics. Aggregate abrasion characteristics are important because the constituent aggregate in HMA must resist crushing, degradation and disintegration in order to produce a high quality HMA. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-4) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Organic Impurities Effect on Mortar Strength: This test helps in determining the rapid assessment of organic impurities by indicates their presence. Comparison is made between compressive strengths of mortar made with washed and unwashed fine aggregate. Test Method:  ASTM C40   Organic Impurities:   This test helps in determining the presence of organic compounds in fine aggregates to for use in cement mortar or concrete. The test provides a quick, relative measure to determine if further tests of the fine aggregate are necessary before approval for use. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-2)1963  Reaffirmed 2011   Particle Size Distribution:   This test helps in determining the percentile quantity of particles of known diameter within a sample. The specimen can be either passed through a set of standard sieves in its natural state, or if a significant amount of binding material is present, such as clay, then the sample can first be washed over a small aperture sieve to remove the binding material. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-1) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM C136-2006, IS: 383-1970   Sand Equivalent Value:   The sand equivalent test is a rapid field test to show the relative proportions of fine dust or clay-like materials in fine aggregate (or granular soils). Test Method:  MORTM, IS: 2720 (Pt-37)1976  Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM D 2419-2009   Soundness:   This test helps in determining the resistance to disintegration by freezing and thawing. It furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates subjected to weathering, particularly when adequate information is not available from service records of the behavior of the aggregate. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-5)1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Specific gravity and water absorption:   The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of the material. The specific gravity test helps in the identification of stone. Water absorption gives an idea of strength of aggregate. Aggregates having more water absorption are more porous in nature and are generally considered unsuitable unless they are found to be acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness tests. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-3)1963 Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM C 127, 128-2007   Sulphate Content:   The total sulphate content of aggregate is usually measured to assess whether the aggregate's contribution to the total sulphate content of a concrete mix will be low enough to prevent any deleterious effects. Test Method:  IS: 4032-1985 Reaffirmed 2009

Tor Steel is one of the best grade of steel used in concrete reinforced. It’s kind of high adherence steel. Other types of steel are used for less resistance concrete.   Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) bars are a type of corrosion resistant steel reinforcing bar used in concrete construction .          Mechanical tests                                                                    Ø  Ultimate Tensile Strength:     Ø  0.2% Proof stress / Yield stress:   Ø  Elongation:   Ø  Bend Test:   Ø  Re-Bend test   Ø  Mass per Weight run   Test Method as Per IS : 1786 : 2008, IS : 1608 : 2005,    IS 1599 : 1985    and    ASTM E8 M : 2009,   Chemical Analysis   Ø  Carbon   Ø  Manganese   Ø  Silicon   Ø  Sulphur   Ø  Phosphorous     Test Method as Per IS : 228 : 2005, IS : 8811 : 2005             Third party witness is provided in our laboratory.   Ultimate Tensile Strength:   This test helps in determining the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking, which is when the specimen's cross-section starts to significantly contract. Test Method: ASTM A36, IS: 1608-2005     0.2% Proof stress / Yield stress:   Yield strength is the lowest stress that produces a permanent deformation in a material. In some materials, like aluminium alloys, the point of yielding is hard to define, thus it is usually given as the stress required causing 0.2% plastic strain. This is called a 0.2% proof stress. Test Method: ASTM E8 M-09   Elongation:   The elongation is the increase in length of the gage length, expressed as a percentage of the original gage length. In reporting elongation values, give both the percentage increase and the original gage length. Test Method: IS: 3600 (P-3)1989, ASME 5EC-lX   Bend Test:   This test helps in determining the ductility, but it cannot be considered as a quantitative means of predicting service performance in bending operations. The severity of the bend test is primarily a function of the angle of bend and inside diameter to which the specimen is bent, and of the cross-section of the specimen. These conditions are varied according to location and orientation of the test specimen and the chemical composition, tensile properties, hardness, type, and quality of the steel specified. Test Method: IS: 1599-1985, IS: 2329-2005, IS: 3600 (P-5, 6)1983   Rebend Test:   The purpose of re-bend test is to measure the effect of strain ageing on steel. Test Method: IS: 1786-2008  

  Some of the generally followed published literatures are as listed below: »  Indian Standards Specifications (IS) »  British Standards Specifications (BSS) »  American Standards (ASTM) »  International Standards (ISO) »  German Standards (DIN) »  Standard Books for Chemical Analysis

  1. Products   Ferrous, Nonferrous, Structural Materials, Pipe,   Metallic coatings ,   Bronze and Brass. Parameters :   ü    Failure Analysis ü    Corrosion Resistance ü    Decarburization ü    Internal defects ü    Coating Thickness ü    Grain Size ü    Inclusion Rating ü    Grain Size  ü    Wall Thickness ü    Microstructure ü    Case Depth ü    Surface defects ü    Salt Spray test   The sample is subjected to accelerated corrosion in various corrosive equipments and the impact of the corrosion in estimated in the material by way of mechanical testing or loss of weight. Intergranular Corrosion test as per ASTM A 262 Practice A (Oxalic Acid Etch Test) Practice B (Ferrous Sulphate-sulphuric acid) Practice C (Boiling in Nitric Acid) Practice E (Copper Sulphate-Sulphuric Acid 15hrs.) Practice F (Copper Sulphate-Sulphuric Acid 72hrs) Pitting Corrosion Test as per ASTM G48 Salt Spray Test per ASTM B117   Stress-Corrosion Cracking test as per ASTM G35                 

The tests for welded structures are : Ø    Visual inspection Ø    Perentrant inspection Ø    Magnetic particle inspection Ø    Radiography Ø    Ultrasonic inspection Ø    Macro Examination Ø    Mechanical testing o      Tensile Strength o      Bend test o      Side Bend test o      Hardness in HV (Parent Metal, HAZ, Weld) Ø    Fracture test Ø    Welder procedure specification (WPS) tests Ø    Procedure qualification records (PQR) tests   Visual Inspection   Visual techniques are widely used to ensure product reliability during Manufacturing and to examine any gross discrepancies on the surface of operation components. These techniques involve illumination of object surface with light and examination of the reflected light using visual aids, usually at magnification.   Penetrant Inspection   Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials.   Magnetic Particle Inspection   Magnetic particle inspection processes are non-destructive methods for the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in ferrous materials. They make use of an externally applied magnetic field of electric current through the material, and the principle that the magnetic flux with leave the part at the area of the flaw.   Magnetic Particle Inspection   Magnetic Particle inspection processes are non-destructive methods for the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in ferrous materials. They make use of an externally applied magnetic field or electric current though the material, and the principle that the magnetic flux will leave the part at the area of the flaw. Radiography   This technique involves the use of penetrating gamma or x-radiation to examine parts and products for imperfections. An X-ray machine or radioactive isotope is used as a source of    radiator. Radiator is directed through a part and onto film or other media. The resulting shadowgraph shows the internal soundness of the part. Possible imperfections are indicated as density changes in the film in the same manner as X-ray shows broken bones.   Ultrasonic Inspection   Ultrasonic inspection can be used for flaw detection / evaluation, dimensional measurements, material characterization, and more   Macro Examination   Macro examination is the procedure in which a specimen is etched and evaluated macro structurally at low magnifications. Macro examination is a frequently used technique for evaluating steel products such as billects, bars, booms and forgings.

Tor Steel is one of the best grade of steel used in concrete reinforced. It’s kind of high adherence steel. Other types of steel are used for less resistance concrete.Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) bars are a type of corrosion resistant steel reinforcing bar used in concrete construction.

All aggregate is required to meet a minimum strength valve, as defined by the 10% value test. This and other specifications ensure that only the highest quality materials are being used on construction projects. Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-4)1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Alkali Aggregate Reactivity:   Alkali-aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of strength of the concrete. Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-7) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Chloride Content:   The total chloride content of aggregate is usually measured to assess whether the aggregate's contribution to the total chloride content of a concrete mix will be low enough to prevent the early onset of corrosion of any embedded steel reinforcement. Test Method: IS: 4032-1985 Reaffirmed 2009   Clay Lumps and friable Particles:   This test helps in determining the percentage of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate. Clay lumps in aggregate shall be defined as any particles or aggregation of particles which when thoroughly wet can be distorted when squeezed between the thumb and forefinger, or will disintegrate into individual grain sizes when immersed for a short period in water. Friable particles are defined as particles which vary from the basic aggregate particles in that they may either readily disintegrate under normal handling and mixing pressures imposed upon them by construction procedures, or break down after being incorporated into the work. Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-2) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Clay Slit and Dust passing/ Sieve:   This test helps in determining the of a granular material. The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material performs in use. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-organic or organic granular materials including sands, crushed rock, clays, granite, feldspars, coal and soil, a wide range of manufactured powders, grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method. Being such a simple technique of particle sizing, it is probably the most common. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-2) 1963   Reaffirmed 2011   Compaction Fraction:   This test helps in determining the compaction percentage of an aggregate when loose compared to the same aggregate compacted in a standard manner. It is useful in assessing an aggregate’s when placed loosely, for example, as a pipe surround material. Aggregate suitable for use as pipe bedding would display a low compaction fraction, indicating it reaches a state of near full compaction under loose placement.   Crushing Value:   The Aggregate Crushing Value offers a related measure of the resistance of an average to crushing under a compressive load that is gradually applied. Test Method:  IS: 9376-1979, IS: 2386 (P-4)1963 (Reaffirmed 2010)   Drying Shrinkage:   Drying shrinkage is defined as the contracting of a hardened concrete mixture due to the loss of capillary water. This shrinkage causes an increase in tensile stress, which may lead to cracking, internal warping, and external deflection, before the concrete is subjected to any kind of loading.   Flakiness and Elongation Index:   Flakey is the term applied to aggregate or chippings that are flat and thin with respect to their length or width, Aggregate particles are said to be flakey when their thickness is less than 0.6 of their mean size. The flakiness index is found by expressing the weight of the flakey aggregate as a percentage of the aggregate tested. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-1) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Impact Value:   This test helps in determining the value which indicates the ability of an aggregate to resist crushing. The lower the figure the stronger the aggregate, i.e. the greater its ability to resist crushing. Test Method: IS: 2386 (P-4) 1963, Reaffirmed 2011,    ASTMC 131-2006   Lightweight Pieces:   This test helps in determining the approximate percentage of lightweight pieces in aggregate by means of sink-float separation in a heavy liquid of suitable specific gravity. This method may be used in identifying pourous aggregate particles in research activities or in petrographic analysis.   Los Angle Abrasion:   The Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test (Figure 1) is a common test method used to indicate aggregate toughness and abrasion characteristics. Aggregate abrasion characteristics are important because the constituent aggregate in HMA must resist crushing, degradation and disintegration in order to produce a high quality HMA. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-4) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Organic Impurities Effect on Mortar Strength: This test helps in determining the rapid assessment of organic impurities by indicates their presence. Comparison is made between compressive strengths of mortar made with washed and unwashed fine aggregate. Test Method:  ASTM C40   Organic Impurities:   This test helps in determining the presence of organic compounds in fine aggregates to for use in cement mortar or concrete. The test provides a quick, relative measure to determine if further tests of the fine aggregate are necessary before approval for use. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-2)1963  Reaffirmed 2011   Particle Size Distribution:   This test helps in determining the percentile quantity of particles of known diameter within a sample. The specimen can be either passed through a set of standard sieves in its natural state, or if a significant amount of binding material is present, such as clay, then the sample can first be washed over a small aperture sieve to remove the binding material. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-1) 1963 Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM C136-2006, IS: 383-1970   Sand Equivalent Value:   The sand equivalent test is a rapid field test to show the relative proportions of fine dust or clay-like materials in fine aggregate (or granular soils). Test Method:  MORTM, IS: 2720 (Pt-37)1976  Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM D 2419-2009   Soundness:   This test helps in determining the resistance to disintegration by freezing and thawing. It furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates subjected to weathering, particularly when adequate information is not available from service records of the behavior of the aggregate. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-5)1963 Reaffirmed 2011   Specific gravity and water absorption:   The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of the material. The specific gravity test helps in the identification of stone. Water absorption gives an idea of strength of aggregate. Aggregates having more water absorption are more porous in nature and are generally considered unsuitable unless they are found to be acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness tests. Test Method:  IS: 2386 (P-3)1963 Reaffirmed 2011, ASTM C 127, 128-2007   Sulphate Content:   The total sulphate content of aggregate is usually measured to assess whether the aggregate's contribution to the total sulphate content of a concrete mix will be low enough to prevent any deleterious effects. Test Method:  IS: 4032-1985 Reaffirmed 2009