Ultrasonic testing (ut)in most common ut applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 mhz, and occasionally up to 50 mhz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium, construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive &other transportation sectors. In service ultrasonic testing for preventive maintenance is used for detecting impending failure of rail road rolling stock axles, press columns, earth-moving equipment, mill rolls, mining equipment and other machines and components. The flaws to be detected include voids, cracks, inclusions, pipe, laminations, bursts and flakes. They may be inherent in the raw materials, may result from fabrication and heat treatment, or may occur in service from fatigue, corrosion or other causes. Ultrasonic testing can also be used to measure thickness of metal sections during manufacturing and maintenance inspections

RT (Radiographic Testing)Industrial radiography is used for a variety of applications but is commonly performed using two different sources of radiation, X-Ray and Gamma ray sources. The choice of radiation sources and their strength depends on a variety of factors including size of the component and the material thickness. Within the broad group of X-Ray and Gamma ray sources are a variety of camera choices with varying radiation strengths. CR Services X-Ray capabilities run the gamut from 4 MEV units utilized to radiograph extremely large and thick castings and forgings, to portable X-Ray cameras used for field weld applications and thin wall material inspection. Gamma sources vary from very low level fluoroscopic units to perform real time corrosion under insulation surveys, to Iridium (Ir192) and Selenium (Se 75) sources used for a variety of weld inspections, to Cobalt (Co 60) inspections for thick component testing.

DPT (Dye Penetrant Testing)Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI) or penetrant testing (PT), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic-particle inspection is often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. LPI is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-service components. DPT is based upon capillary action, where low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed and a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw so that an invisible indication becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light, depending on the type of dye used - fluorescent or nonfluorescent (visible).

Pt (dye penetrate testing)dye penetrant inspection (dpi), also called liquid penetrant inspection (lpi) or penetrant testing (pt), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic-particle inspection is often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. Lpi is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-service components. Dpi is based upon capillary action, where low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed and a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw so that an invisible indication becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light, depending on the type of dye used - fluorescent or nonfluorescent (visible). Pt applications includemetals (aluminum, copper, steel, titanium, etc.)glassmany ceramic materialsrubberplasticsfollowing defects are find out by ptliquid penetrant inspection can only be used to inspect for flaws that break the surface of the sample. Some of these flaws are listed belowfatigue cracksquench cracksgrinding cracksoverload and impact fracturesporositylapsseamspin holes in weldslack of fusion or braising along the edge of the bond lineas mentioned above, one of the major limitations of a penetrant inspection is that flaws must be open to the surface.

Pt (dye penetrate testing)dye penetrant inspection (dpi), also called liquid penetrant inspection (lpi) or penetrant testing (pt), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic-particle inspection is often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. Lpi is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-service components. Dpi is based upon capillary action, where low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed and a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw so that an invisible indication becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light, depending on the type of dye used - fluorescent or nonfluorescent (visible). Pt applications includemetals (aluminum, copper, steel, titanium, etc.)glassmany ceramic materialsrubberplasticsfollowing defects are find out by ptliquid penetrant inspection can only be used to inspect for flaws that break the surface of the sample. Some of these flaws are listed belowfatigue cracksquench cracksgrinding cracksoverload and impact fracturesporositylapsseamspin holes in weldslack of fusion or braising along the edge of the bond lineas mentioned above, one of the major limitations of a penetrant inspection is that flaws must be open to the surface.

Ut (ultrasonic testing)in most common ut applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 mhz, and occasionally up to 50 mhz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium, construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive &other transportation sectors. In service ultrasonic testing for preventive maintenance is used for detecting impending failure of rail road rolling stock axles, press columns, earth-moving equipment, mill rolls, mining equipment and other machines and components. The flaws to be detected include voids, cracks, inclusions, pipe, laminations, bursts and flakes. They may be inherent in the raw materials, may result from fabrication and heat treatment, or may occur in service from fatigue, corrosion or other causes. Ultrasonic testing can also be used to measure thickness of metal sections during manufacturing and maintenance inspections.Ut applications includecastingsforgingsplatesweld jointselectrical and electronic component manufacturingproduction of steelaluminumtitaniumfabrication of structures such as air framespressure vesselsshipsbridgesmotor vehiclesmachineryfollowing defects are find out by utcrackslaminationsshrinkagecavitiesburstsflakesporesbonding faults and other discontinuity

Mt (magnetic particle testing)it is a non-destructive testing (ndt) process for detecting surface and slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt, and some of their alloys. The process puts a magnetic field into the part. The piece can be magnetized by direct or indirect magnetization. Direct magnetizationdirect magnetization occurs when the electric current is passed through the test object and a magnetic field is formed in the material. Indirect magnetizationindirect magnetization occurs when no electric current is passed through the test object, but a magnetic field is applied from an outside source. Dry particle inspectionin this magnetic particle testing technique, dry particles are dusted onto the surface of the test object as the item is magnetized. Dry particle inspection is well suited for the inspections conducted on rough surfaces. When an electromagnetic yoke is used, the ac or half wave dc current creates a pulsating magnetic field that provides mobility to the powder. The primary applications for dry powders are unground welds and rough as-cast surfaces. Dry particle inspection is also used to detect shallow subsurface cracks. Dry particles with half wave dc is the best approach when inspecting for lack of root penetration in welds of thin materials. Half wave dc with prods and dry particles is commonly used when inspecting large castings for hot tears and cracks. Wet suspension inspectionwet suspension magnetic particle inspection, more commonly known as wet magnetic particle inspection, involves applying the particles while they are suspended in a liquid carrier. Wet magnetic particle inspection is most commonly performed using a stationary, wet, horizontal inspection unit but suspensions are also available in spray cans for use with an electromagnetic yoke.

Eddy current testingcontinuous wave eddy current testing is one of several non-destructive testing methods that use the electromagnetism principle. Conventional eddy current testing utilises electromagnetic induction to detect discontinuities in conductive materials.A specially designed coil energised with alternating current is placed in proximity to the test surface generating changing magnetic-field which interacts with the test-part producing eddy current in the vicinity.Variations in the changing phases and magnitude of these eddy currents is then monitored through the use of receiver-coil(s), or by measuring changes to the alternate current flowing in the primary excitation-coil.The electrical conductivity variations or magnetic permeability of the test-part, or the presence of any discontinuities, will cause a change in eddy current and a corresponding change in phases and amplitude of the measured current. the changes are shown on a screen for easy interpretation. Another method of using the eddy current principle is pulsed eddy current testing. methods are being developed to investigate surfaces through protective coatings, weather sheetings, corrosion products and even the insulation materials.Inspection of surfaces at high temperature are possible with the eddy current technique as it is a non-contact method.

Rt (radiographic testing)industrial radiography is used for a variety of applications but is commonly performed using two different sources of radiation, x-ray and gamma ray sources. The choice of radiation sources and their strength depends on a variety of factors including size of the component and the material thickness. Within the broad group of x-ray and gamma ray sources are a variety of camera choices with varying radiation strengths. Cr services x-ray capabilities run the gamut from 4 mev units utilized to radiograph extremely large and thick castings and forgings, to portable x-ray cameras used for field weld applications and thin wall material inspection. Gamma sources vary from very low level fluoroscopic units to perform real time corrosion under insulation surveys, to iridium (ir192) and selenium (se 75) sources used for a variety of weld inspections, to cobalt (co 60) inspections for thick component testing. There are many advantages to radiography including: inspection of a wide variety of material types with varying density, ability to inspect assembled components, minimum surface preparation required, sensitivity to changes in thickness corrosion, voids, cracks and material density changes, the ability to detect both surface and subsurface defects and the ability to provide a permanent record of the inspection.The disadvantages of radiography are: safety precautions are required for the safe use of radiation, access to both sides of the specimen are required, orientation of the sample is critical, and determining flaw depth is impossible without additional angled exposures.Radiographic testing is used extensively on castings and weldments. Radiography is well suited to the testing of semiconductor devices for cracks, broken wires, unsoldered connections, foreign material and misplaced components. Sensitivity of radiography to various types of flaws depends on many factors, including type of material, type of flaw and product form.

RT (Radiographic Testing)Industrial radiography is used for a variety of applications but is commonly performed using two different sources of radiation, X-Ray and Gamma ray sources. The choice of radiation sources and their strength depends on a variety of factors including size of the component and the material thickness. Within the broad group of X-Ray and Gamma ray sources are a variety of camera choices with varying radiation strengths. CR Services X-Ray capabilities run the gamut from 4 MEV units utilized to radiograph extremely large and thick castings and forgings, to portable X-Ray cameras used for field weld applications and thin wall material inspection. Gamma sources vary from very low level fluoroscopic units to perform real time corrosion under insulation surveys, to Iridium (Ir192) and Selenium (Se 75) sources used for a variety of weld inspections, to Cobalt (Co 60) inspections for thick component testing. There are many advantages to radiography including: inspection of a wide variety of material types with varying density, ability to inspect assembled components, minimum surface preparation required, sensitivity to changes in thickness corrosion, voids, cracks and material density changes, the ability to detect both surface and subsurface defects and the ability to provide a permanent record of the inspection.The disadvantages of radiography are: safety precautions are required for the safe use of radiation, access to both sides of the specimen are required, orientation of the sample is critical, and determining flaw depth is impossible without additional angled exposures.Radiographic testing is used extensively on castings and weldments. Radiography is well suited to the testing of semiconductor devices for cracks, broken wires, unsoldered connections, foreign material and misplaced components. Sensitivity of radiography to various types of flaws depends on many factors, including type of material, type of flaw and product form.

Ultrasonic testing (ut)in most common ut applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 mhz, and occasionally up to 50 mhz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium, construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive &other transportation sectors. In service ultrasonic testing for preventive maintenance is used for detecting impending failure of rail road rolling stock axles, press columns, earth-moving equipment, mill rolls, mining equipment and other machines and components. The flaws to be detected include voids, cracks, inclusions, pipe, laminations, bursts and flakes. They may be inherent in the raw materials, may result from fabrication and heat treatment, or may occur in service from fatigue, corrosion or other causes. Ultrasonic testing can also be used to measure thickness of metal sections during manufacturing and maintenance inspections

RT (Radiographic Testing)Industrial radiography is used for a variety of applications but is commonly performed using two different sources of radiation, X-Ray and Gamma ray sources. The choice of radiation sources and their strength depends on a variety of factors including size of the component and the material thickness. Within the broad group of X-Ray and Gamma ray sources are a variety of camera choices with varying radiation strengths. CR Services X-Ray capabilities run the gamut from 4 MEV units utilized to radiograph extremely large and thick castings and forgings, to portable X-Ray cameras used for field weld applications and thin wall material inspection. Gamma sources vary from very low level fluoroscopic units to perform real time corrosion under insulation surveys, to Iridium (Ir192) and Selenium (Se 75) sources used for a variety of weld inspections, to Cobalt (Co 60) inspections for thick component testing.

DPT (Dye Penetrant Testing)Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI) or penetrant testing (PT), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic-particle inspection is often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. LPI is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-service components. DPT is based upon capillary action, where low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed and a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw so that an invisible indication becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light, depending on the type of dye used - fluorescent or nonfluorescent (visible).

Pt (dye penetrate testing)dye penetrant inspection (dpi), also called liquid penetrant inspection (lpi) or penetrant testing (pt), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic-particle inspection is often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. Lpi is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-service components. Dpi is based upon capillary action, where low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed and a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw so that an invisible indication becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light, depending on the type of dye used - fluorescent or nonfluorescent (visible). Pt applications includemetals (aluminum, copper, steel, titanium, etc.)glassmany ceramic materialsrubberplasticsfollowing defects are find out by ptliquid penetrant inspection can only be used to inspect for flaws that break the surface of the sample. Some of these flaws are listed belowfatigue cracksquench cracksgrinding cracksoverload and impact fracturesporositylapsseamspin holes in weldslack of fusion or braising along the edge of the bond lineas mentioned above, one of the major limitations of a penetrant inspection is that flaws must be open to the surface.

Pt (dye penetrate testing)dye penetrant inspection (dpi), also called liquid penetrant inspection (lpi) or penetrant testing (pt), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic-particle inspection is often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. Lpi is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-service components. Dpi is based upon capillary action, where low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed and a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw so that an invisible indication becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light, depending on the type of dye used - fluorescent or nonfluorescent (visible). Pt applications includemetals (aluminum, copper, steel, titanium, etc.)glassmany ceramic materialsrubberplasticsfollowing defects are find out by ptliquid penetrant inspection can only be used to inspect for flaws that break the surface of the sample. Some of these flaws are listed belowfatigue cracksquench cracksgrinding cracksoverload and impact fracturesporositylapsseamspin holes in weldslack of fusion or braising along the edge of the bond lineas mentioned above, one of the major limitations of a penetrant inspection is that flaws must be open to the surface.

Ut (ultrasonic testing)in most common ut applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 mhz, and occasionally up to 50 mhz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium, construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive &other transportation sectors. In service ultrasonic testing for preventive maintenance is used for detecting impending failure of rail road rolling stock axles, press columns, earth-moving equipment, mill rolls, mining equipment and other machines and components. The flaws to be detected include voids, cracks, inclusions, pipe, laminations, bursts and flakes. They may be inherent in the raw materials, may result from fabrication and heat treatment, or may occur in service from fatigue, corrosion or other causes. Ultrasonic testing can also be used to measure thickness of metal sections during manufacturing and maintenance inspections.Ut applications includecastingsforgingsplatesweld jointselectrical and electronic component manufacturingproduction of steelaluminumtitaniumfabrication of structures such as air framespressure vesselsshipsbridgesmotor vehiclesmachineryfollowing defects are find out by utcrackslaminationsshrinkagecavitiesburstsflakesporesbonding faults and other discontinuity

Mt (magnetic particle testing)it is a non-destructive testing (ndt) process for detecting surface and slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt, and some of their alloys. The process puts a magnetic field into the part. The piece can be magnetized by direct or indirect magnetization. Direct magnetizationdirect magnetization occurs when the electric current is passed through the test object and a magnetic field is formed in the material. Indirect magnetizationindirect magnetization occurs when no electric current is passed through the test object, but a magnetic field is applied from an outside source. Dry particle inspectionin this magnetic particle testing technique, dry particles are dusted onto the surface of the test object as the item is magnetized. Dry particle inspection is well suited for the inspections conducted on rough surfaces. When an electromagnetic yoke is used, the ac or half wave dc current creates a pulsating magnetic field that provides mobility to the powder. The primary applications for dry powders are unground welds and rough as-cast surfaces. Dry particle inspection is also used to detect shallow subsurface cracks. Dry particles with half wave dc is the best approach when inspecting for lack of root penetration in welds of thin materials. Half wave dc with prods and dry particles is commonly used when inspecting large castings for hot tears and cracks. Wet suspension inspectionwet suspension magnetic particle inspection, more commonly known as wet magnetic particle inspection, involves applying the particles while they are suspended in a liquid carrier. Wet magnetic particle inspection is most commonly performed using a stationary, wet, horizontal inspection unit but suspensions are also available in spray cans for use with an electromagnetic yoke.

Eddy current testingcontinuous wave eddy current testing is one of several non-destructive testing methods that use the electromagnetism principle. Conventional eddy current testing utilises electromagnetic induction to detect discontinuities in conductive materials.A specially designed coil energised with alternating current is placed in proximity to the test surface generating changing magnetic-field which interacts with the test-part producing eddy current in the vicinity.Variations in the changing phases and magnitude of these eddy currents is then monitored through the use of receiver-coil(s), or by measuring changes to the alternate current flowing in the primary excitation-coil.The electrical conductivity variations or magnetic permeability of the test-part, or the presence of any discontinuities, will cause a change in eddy current and a corresponding change in phases and amplitude of the measured current. the changes are shown on a screen for easy interpretation. Another method of using the eddy current principle is pulsed eddy current testing. methods are being developed to investigate surfaces through protective coatings, weather sheetings, corrosion products and even the insulation materials.Inspection of surfaces at high temperature are possible with the eddy current technique as it is a non-contact method.

Rt (radiographic testing)industrial radiography is used for a variety of applications but is commonly performed using two different sources of radiation, x-ray and gamma ray sources. The choice of radiation sources and their strength depends on a variety of factors including size of the component and the material thickness. Within the broad group of x-ray and gamma ray sources are a variety of camera choices with varying radiation strengths. Cr services x-ray capabilities run the gamut from 4 mev units utilized to radiograph extremely large and thick castings and forgings, to portable x-ray cameras used for field weld applications and thin wall material inspection. Gamma sources vary from very low level fluoroscopic units to perform real time corrosion under insulation surveys, to iridium (ir192) and selenium (se 75) sources used for a variety of weld inspections, to cobalt (co 60) inspections for thick component testing. There are many advantages to radiography including: inspection of a wide variety of material types with varying density, ability to inspect assembled components, minimum surface preparation required, sensitivity to changes in thickness corrosion, voids, cracks and material density changes, the ability to detect both surface and subsurface defects and the ability to provide a permanent record of the inspection.The disadvantages of radiography are: safety precautions are required for the safe use of radiation, access to both sides of the specimen are required, orientation of the sample is critical, and determining flaw depth is impossible without additional angled exposures.Radiographic testing is used extensively on castings and weldments. Radiography is well suited to the testing of semiconductor devices for cracks, broken wires, unsoldered connections, foreign material and misplaced components. Sensitivity of radiography to various types of flaws depends on many factors, including type of material, type of flaw and product form.

RT (Radiographic Testing)Industrial radiography is used for a variety of applications but is commonly performed using two different sources of radiation, X-Ray and Gamma ray sources. The choice of radiation sources and their strength depends on a variety of factors including size of the component and the material thickness. Within the broad group of X-Ray and Gamma ray sources are a variety of camera choices with varying radiation strengths. CR Services X-Ray capabilities run the gamut from 4 MEV units utilized to radiograph extremely large and thick castings and forgings, to portable X-Ray cameras used for field weld applications and thin wall material inspection. Gamma sources vary from very low level fluoroscopic units to perform real time corrosion under insulation surveys, to Iridium (Ir192) and Selenium (Se 75) sources used for a variety of weld inspections, to Cobalt (Co 60) inspections for thick component testing. There are many advantages to radiography including: inspection of a wide variety of material types with varying density, ability to inspect assembled components, minimum surface preparation required, sensitivity to changes in thickness corrosion, voids, cracks and material density changes, the ability to detect both surface and subsurface defects and the ability to provide a permanent record of the inspection.The disadvantages of radiography are: safety precautions are required for the safe use of radiation, access to both sides of the specimen are required, orientation of the sample is critical, and determining flaw depth is impossible without additional angled exposures.Radiographic testing is used extensively on castings and weldments. Radiography is well suited to the testing of semiconductor devices for cracks, broken wires, unsoldered connections, foreign material and misplaced components. Sensitivity of radiography to various types of flaws depends on many factors, including type of material, type of flaw and product form.