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Fixed Bed Reactor

The reactor consists in essence of a container filled with catalyst particles. These particles can be contained within a supporting structure, like tubes or channels, or they can be packed in one single compartment in the reactor.One of the most common reactors in the chemical industry, for use in heterogeneous catalytic processes, is the packed bed reactor. This type of reactor is used both in synthesis as well as in effluent treatment and catalytic combustion.
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Fluid Mixer

As an add-on to the CFD Module, the Mixer Module allows you to analyze fluid mixers and stirred reactors. Aided by dedicated functionality for simulating fluid flow subjected to rotating machinery, the Mixer Module also provides material data for modeling different fluids and free surfaces.Mixers with rotating parts are used in many industrial processes, such as the production of consumer products, pharmaceuticals, food, and fine chemicals. Often, a mixer may be used in batch processes for many different purposes, even on a day-to-day basis, where products are produced at low volumes and sold at high prices.
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Rf Module

Designers of RF and microwave devices need to ensure that the electromagnetics simulations are reliable and robust. Traditional electromagnetic modeling lets you examine RF physics alone, but no real-world product operates under just one branch of physics. To see how other physics phenomena affect the design, you need multiphysics modeling, which allows you to extend the model to include effects such as temperature rise, structural deformations, and fluid flow.
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Inclined Screen

This model simulates the flow through a uniform inclined screen using the Screen feature in Single-Phase Flow physics and compares the results with an analytic solution.
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Chemical Vapor Deposition System

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) allows a thin film to be grown on a substrate through molecules and molecular fragments adsorbing and reacting on a surface. This example illustrates the modeling of such a CVD reactor where triethyl-gallium first decomposes, and the reaction products along with arsine (AsH3) adsorb and react on a substrate to form GaAs layers.The CVD system is modeled using momentum, energy, and mass balances including a detailed description of the gas phase and adsorption kinetics. A reduced reaction scheme is compared to the full scheme in the Reaction Engineering interface.
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Vacuum Flask

The following example solves a pure conduction and a free-convection problem in which a vacuum flask holding hot coffee dissipates thermal energy. The main interest is to calculate the flask's cooling power; that is, how much heat it loses per unit time.Using heat transfer coefficients to describe the thermal dissipation, Modeling the buoyancy-driven flow of air outside the flask to describe the convective cooling.
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UHFf Tag

UHF RFID tags are widely used for identifying and tracking animals. This model simulates a passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag for the UHF frequency range. With respect to the chip transponders complex impedance, a reflection coefficient is computed. This is done using an approach that differs from the conventional scattering parameter analysis method by a real reference impedance value.
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Designer Mufflers

Mufflers are used to attenuate noise emitted by a combustion engine, for example, and should typically perform well in a specific frequency range. Attenuation is measured through transmission loss, which gives the damping in dB as a function of frequency.The Absorptive Muffler Designer simulation app is used for studying and designing a simple resonant muffler with a porous lining. With the app, you can perform an analysis of both inductive and resistive damping in a muffler of your choosing.The app enables you to study the results after changing the dimensions of the muffler, the ambient working conditions, and the material properties of the porous liner.
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Patch Antenna

The microstrip patch antenna is used in a wide range of applications since it is easy to design and fabricate. The antenna is attractive due to its low-profile conformal design, relatively low cost and very narrow bandwidth.It is known that the antenna impedance will be higher than an accepted value if fed from the edge, and lower if fed from the center. Therefore, an optimum feed point exists between the center and the edge. This model uses an inset feeding strategy which does not need any additional matching parts to find this optimal point.
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Filter Ring

In its simplest form, an optical ring resonator consists of a straight waveguide and a ring waveguide. The waveguides are placed close to each other, making the light affect each between the two structures. If the propagation length around the ring is an integral number of wavelengths, the field becomes resonant and a strong field builds up in the ring.After propagation around the ring waveguide, some light couples back to the straight waveguide and interferes with the incident light. At resonance, completely destructive interference can be obtained, with no transmitted light. This makes the optical ring resonator an ideal notch filter, blocking the light at the resonant wavelength.Optical ring resonators are promising building blocks for photonic integrated circuits. Due to the high refractive index contrast, available in, for instance, silicon photonics, very small circuits can be made.
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Michelson Interferometer

This model couples the Heat Transfer in Solids, Solid Mechanics and Geometrical Optics interfaces to compute the effect of thermal expansion of optical components on the interference pattern displayed by a Michelson interferometer.
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Cavity Filter

Microwave filters are used to eliminate unwanted frequency components in the output from microwave transmitters. They are typically inserted between a power amplifier and an antenna. The amplifiers are nonlinear and produce harmonics that must be eliminated with filters that have a rather narrow passband.Due to high power loads but also possibly from harsh environmental conditions (such as a cellular base station sitting in the sunshine in Phoenix), it is necessary to estimate the drift of the passband frequency due to thermal expansion.It is easy to demonstrate that by using steel for the cylinder, a temperature-driven adjustment of the distance between the cylinder end and the brass box (where the adjustment screw can automatically compensate for most of the thermal drift.
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Induction Heaters

Induction heating is similar to the Joule Heating Effect, but with one important modification. The currents that heat the material are induced by means of electromagnetic induction; it is a noncontact heating process.By applying a high-frequency alternating current to an induction coil, a time-varying magnetic field is generated. The material to be heated, known as the workpiece, is placed inside the magnetic field, without touching the coil. Note that not all materials can be heated by induction, only those with high electrical conductivity (such as copper, gold, and aluminum, to name a few). The alternating electromagnetic field induces eddy currents in the workpiece, resulting in resistive losses, which then heat the material up.
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Heat Exchanger Pipe

Double-pipe heat exchangers, with their typical U-turn shape, are one of the simplest and cheapest type of heat exchangers used in the chemical process industry.This example studies the cooling of hot oil (130C) by a cool oil (60C) entering in counter-current. As the oils flow through the system, the material properties of both change with the varying temperature.The model uses the Nonisothermal Flow multiphysics interface, within the Heat Transfer Module, to show the temperature field and velocity magnitude throughout the pipe system.
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Spiral Tube

A frequently occurring geometry for heat exchangers is that of a long tube wound into a helix or spiral around a core volume. There is to be heat exchange between the tube and the gases (or solids) in the core. However, the length scales of these two parts of the geometry are very different, thus complicating the interface between the tube and the core processes. the tube is too long for direct numerical modeling. Therefore, in the present work, we use an axis-symmetric numerical model of the core and link it to analytical equations for the tube. In this way, radial boundary conditions at the core perimeter become the driving force for the thermal process in the tube; at the same time, the results of the analytical integration in the tube provide boundary conditions for the core. Also, it is shown that there is enhanced convective heat transfer in the curved tubes, compared to straight tubes.
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Heat Recovery Systems

Geothermal heating is an environmentally friendly and energy efficient method to supply newer and well insulated houses with heat. The investment costs are higher than for gas or oil heating, so there is a need to investigate the possibilities of arranging heat collectors in the subsurface efficiently.This model compares three different pipe arrangements, embedded in the subsurface of the top soil layer in a garden, used for radiant floor heating. Typical thermal properties of the soil layer are obtained using interpolation and piecewise functions.
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Permanent Magnet Generator

This tutorial shows how to model the tubular permanent magnet generator in 2D axisymmetry. The generator consists of a modular stationary stator and movingoscillating slider. The stator is made of three-phase multiturn windings and an iron core. The slider is made of permanent magnets and iron spacers. The open circuit voltage in the three-phase stator windings due to the periodic motion of the slider is calculated.The model is set up using the Magnetic Fields and Moving Mesh physics interfaces. The linear periodicity of the tubular generator is set up manually using the General Extrusion feature.
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Mosfet Transistor

This model calculates the DC characteristics of a simple MOSFET. The drain current versus gate voltage characteristics are first computed in order to determine the threshold voltage for the device. Then the drain current vs drain voltage characteristics are computed for several gate voltages. The linear and saturation regions for the device can be identified from these plots.
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Waveguide Adapter

This is a model of an adapter for microwave propagation in the transition between a rectangular and an elliptical waveguide. Such waveguide adapters are designed to keep energy losses due to reflections at a minimum for the operating frequencies. To investigate the characteristics of the adapter, the simulation includes a wave traveling from a rectangular waveguide through the adapter and into an elliptical waveguide. The S-parameters are calculated as functions of the frequency. The involved frequencies are all in the single-mode range of the waveguide, that is, the frequency range where only one mode is propagating in the waveguide.
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Electrode Wire

The electrochemical cell shown in this model can be regarded as a unit cell of a larger wire-mesh electrode that is common in many industrial processes. One of the most important aspects in the design of electrochemical cells is the current density distributions in the electrolyte and electrodes. Non-uniform current density distributions can be detrimental for the operation of electrochemical processes. In many cases, the parts of an electrode that are subjected to a high current density can degrade at a faster rate. Knowledge of the current density distribution is necessary to optimize the utilization of the electrocatalysts that are typically comprised of expensive noble metals. Non-uniform deposition and consumption, unnecessarily high overvoltages, energy losses and possible unwanted side-reactions represent effects that should be minimized. This example simulates the primary, secondary, and tertiary current density distributions of an arbitrary electrochemical cell with wire electrodes. The current density distributions are investigated in succession so as to also demonstrate good working practices by gradually introducing complexity when modeling electrochemical cells.
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Condenser Microphone

This is a model of a condenser microphone with a simple axisymmetric geometry. The model aims to give a precise description of the physical working principles of such a microphone. The condenser microphone is considered to be the microphone with highest quality when performing precise acoustical measurements and with high-fidelity reproduction properties when performing sound recordings. This electro-mechanical acoustic transducer works by transforming the mechanical deformation of a thin membrane (diaphragm) into an AC voltage signal.
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Magnetic Brake

A magnetic brake consists of a permanent magnet, which induces currents in a rotating copper disk. The resulting eddy currents interact with the magnetic flux to produce Lorentz forces and subsequently a braking torque. This 3D problem is solved using a stationary formulation for the electromagnetic field coupled to an ordinary differential equation for the rotational rigid body dynamics.
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Dc Magnetic Brake

A magnetic brake consists of a permanent magnet, which induces currents in a rotating copper disk. The resulting eddy currents interact with the magnetic flux to produce Lorentz forces and subsequently a braking torque.This 3D problem is solved using a stationary formulation for the electromagnetic field coupled to an ordinary differential equation for the rotational rigid body dynamics.The model also illustrates the proper use of a Lorentz type induced current density term. Furthermore, an ungauged A-V formulation is used to solve the electromagnetic part in a fast and memory-efficient way.
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Automotive Muffler

This model simulates the pressure wave propagation in a muffler for a combustion engine. It uses a general approach for analysis of damping of the propagation of harmonic pressure waves. The model is solved in the frequency domain and provides efficient damping in a frequency range of 100-1000 Hz.
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RF Coil

RF coils are important in numerous applications ranging from wireless technology to MRI scanning equipment. This introductory tutorial model demonstrates how to find the fundamental resonance frequency of an RF coil as well as how to perform a frequency sweep to extract the coil's Q-factor.
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Piezoelectric Devices

Piezoelectric devices contain materials where electric charge is created due to mechanical stress. The presentations, posters, and papers on this page describe multiphysics simulation for devices such as sensors, controllers, and gyroscopes, and applications such as energy harvesting.
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Static Mixer

In static mixers, also called motionless or in-line mixers, a fluid is pumped through a pipe containing stationary blades. This mixing technique is particularly well suited for laminar flow mixing because it generates only small pressure losses in this flow regime. This example studies the flow in a twisted-blade static mixer. It evaluates the mixing performance by calculating the trajectory of suspended particles through the mixer. The model uses the Laminar Flow and Particle Tracing for Fluid Flow interfaces.
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Cylindrical Battery

This model example simulates an air-cooled cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion battery during a charge-discharge cycle, followed by a relaxing period. A one-dimensional cell model is used to model the battery cell chemistry, and a two-dimensional axi-symmetrical model is used to model the temperature in the battery.
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Reciprocating Engine

The High-Cycle Fatigue of a Reciprocating Piston Engine model is based on an example of a three-cylinder reciprocating engine from the Multibody Dynamics Module. In this engine, a flywheel is mounted on the crankshaft, with the assembly supported on both ends by journal bearings. The model also features three sets of cylinders, pistons, and connecting rods that are identical. Hinge joints are used to connect the bottom ends of the connecting rods to the common crankshaft as well as to connect the pistons to the top ends of the rods. A prismatic joint is used to connect each of the cylinders to a piston.
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Blood Cell Separator

Red blood cells make up slightly lower blood volume than blood plasma about 45% of whole blood. As you probably already know, these types of blood cells contain hemoglobin, which in turn consists of iron that helps transport oxygen throughout the body. The permeability of red blood cells is slightly less than 1 (1 3.9e-6). Or to put it in words, red blood cell particles are diamagnetic.
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Directional Coupler

A simplification of the 3D directional coupler using the RF Module and Boundary Mode Analysis. Just download and compute to see the results. Made with Comsol version 4.4.0.248.
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Power Inductor

Power inductors are a central part of many low-frequency power applications. They are, for example, used in the switched power supply for the motherboard and all other components in a computer.Computer simulations are necessary in the design of such inductors. This model calculates the inductance from specified material parameters.
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Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries

This model simulates the discharge of a Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery using the Battery with Binary Electrolyte interface. The geometry is in one dimension and the model is isothermal. The model serves as an introduction to NiMH modeling, and can be further extended to include various side reactions.
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Dipole Antenna

The dipole antenna is one of the most straightforward antenna configurations. It can be realized with two thin metallic rods that have a sinusoidal voltage difference applied between them. The length of the rods is chosen such that they are quarter wavelength elements at the operating frequency. Such an antenna has a well known torus-like radiation pattern.
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Horn Antenna

We provide a convenient 3D RF model of a generic pyramidal microwave horn, with a simple user-adjustable (parameterized) geometry. The model was prepared with Comsol Multiphysics v4.2a with the RF module. The user may specify the input waveguide size (width and height), horn flare length, horn aperture dimensions, and some other useful settings, all as global definitions. Computational region, meshes, and frequency range are then defined automatically (but can also be modified by the user). Two symmetry planes are employed to speed up the computation. The model computes the gain, VSWR, and E-plane and H-plane far-field beam patterns.
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Induction Furnace

Induction furnaces are employed for vacuum distillation process to recover heavy metals after electro-refining operation. Induction furnace of suitable heating rate and cooled by passive means are required to be developed for this purpose. It is planned to set up a mock up induction furnace which will simulate the conditions to be realized in actual vacuum distillation furnace for this purpose. The mock-up facility will be used to demonstrate melting of 10 kg of copper in a graphite crucible and heated by induction furnace in a vacuum environment. The coil configuration and electrical parameters of the furnace are to be finalized to attain a temperature of about 1500 degC in 2 hours for the charge. Figure1 shows the schematic layout of the mock-up facility used. The furnace liner enclosing the crucible, essentially coupled with the magnetic field generated by coil, gets heated up and indirectly heats the crucible by radiation heat transfer. The melting of copper takes place in crucible. The copper liner prevents the coupling of stainless steel vessel with magnetic flux lines. The carbon felt insulation is used to prevent the heat loss to the coil and other parts. The stainless steel vessel encloses all the above parts. Thermal analysis of the mockup facility is being carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics code to optimize the various electrical parameters. First the Induction Heating Interface under the Heat Transfer Module of COMSOL Multiphysics was modeled and validated with the experimental data reported in the literature. The validated model was then used for 2D-axisymmetric transient thermal analysis of the mock-up facility.
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E-Core

This is the transient model of a single phase E-core transformer using a Multi-Turn Coil Domain. The model includes the effect of a nonlinear B-H curve in the core and shows how to connect the transformer model to the external circuits using Electric Circuit interface. The simulation is performed for two different cases; the first one with a unity turn ratio and second one with a turn ratio of one thousand.
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Permanent

As an example of a magnetostatic problem, consider how to model a horseshoe-shaped permanent magnet. One way is to treat the entire magnet as a ferromagnetic material, where the two end sections are defined as being pre-magnetized in different and opposite directions.
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Tilted Pad Bearing

Tilted pad thrust bearings are used in rotating machineries with high thrust loading. The thrust load is transferred from a sliding part to a stationary part through hydrodynamic oil films. The tilted pad thrust bearing consists of a series of flat surfaces sliding over stationary tilted pads. The space between the flat surface and the tilted pad is filled by a lubricant that is drawn in due to the sliding motion of the flat surface. The pressure developed in the lubricant in between the sliding surface and the tilted pad counteracts the external load applied to the sliding surface and thus prevents contact between the two surfaces. Integration of the pressure values on the surface of the tilted pad gives the total load on the tilted pad. This total load is used to analyze elastic deformation of the tilted pad. In this model, Reynolds equation is used to calculate the pressure in the film and structural analysis is performed to find the elastic deformation of the tilted pad.
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Feeder Clamp

This example analyzes the deformation of a feeder clamp under stress. The clamp secures a feeder that carries high-frequency electromagnetic fields, and its important that it remains as straight as possible. Forces on the clamp include both those from the feeder as well as those on the sleeve arising from the clamping screw.In this analysis, the feeder clamp is attached to a wall using only one of its two mounting holes, this way, we can analyze how the clamp will perform when it is poorly secured.
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Surface-Mounted Resistor

The drive for miniaturizing electronic devices has resulted in todays extensive use of surface-mount electronic components. An important aspect in electronics design and the choice of materials is a products durability and lifetime. For surface-mount resistors and other components producing heat it is a well-known problem that temperature cycling can lead to cracks propagating through the solder joints, resulting in premature failure. electronics in general there is a strong interest in changing the soldering material from lead- or tin-based solder alloys to other mixtures. This multiphysics example models the heat transport and structural stresses and deformations resulting from the temperature distribution using the Heat Transfer in Solids and Solid Mechanics interfaces.
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